Supereu
Autor | Silvane Maria Marchesini |
Ocupação do Autor | Jurista. Psicóloga. Psicanalista. Pós-Graduada, Mestra em Psicologia Clínica |
Páginas | 194-195 |
Page 194
O Supereu constitui uma das três instâncias do aparelho psíquico na segunda tópica de Freud (1923b). Ele resulta, quanto ao essencial, da interiorização da autoridade parental.
Desde a origem, ao destacar o conlito defensi-vo decorrente da existência do Inconsciente reprimido (sexualidade infantil), a psicanálise deparou-se com o problema do repressor, de uma "censura" ligada à autoestima. Contra a hipnose que adormece a censura, a regra fundamental visa ao reconhecimento e à elaboração das resistências do Eu. Em "Sobre o narcisismo: uma introdução" (Freud, S., 1914c), o Ideal-do-Eu já está autonomizado. Mas são os dois textos da virada da década de 1920 que impõem a diferenciação Eu-Supereu (Ideal-do-Eu), ligando-a ao conjunto de remanejamentos metapsicológicos desse período.
"Psicologia de grupo e a análise do Eu" (Freud S., 1921c) recorre a uma conceituação gene-ralizada da identiicação para descrever a estrutura grupal, na qual os indivíduos identiicaram seus "Eu" por meio da participação em comum de um ideal encarnado pelo líder. "O Ego e o Id" (Freud, 1923b) vai ligar a qualidade da instância do Supereu ao reconhecimento de que a maior parte do Eu é inconsciente. O Supereu torna perenes no aparelho psíquico os efeitos da dependência infantil em relação aos objetos primários: ele mostra-se tão irredutível à completa integração egóica quanto o Isso e suas moções pulsionais. O próprio termo "Supereu" assinala que ele domina o Eu, manifestando-se a tensão entre as duas instâncias como angústia moral.
Freud não dissociará o Supereu do ideal (uma de suas funções). O Supereu traduz a coação que a cultura exerce sobre o indivíduo para impor as renúncias pulsionais necessárias e eventualmente excessivas; mas também é vetor de uma herança cultural de que o sujeito deve senhorear-se, a im de a possuir (Goethe), por meio dos processos de idealização dos objetos e de sublimação das pulsões. O essencial, do ponto de vista dinâmico, é o trabalho conlitual da diferenciação Eu-Supereu. As modalidades de sua transmissão (o Superego forma-se da imagem do Supereu dos pais); assim como de sua instauração e de seu desenvolvimento fazem com que o Supereu freudiano se apresente, em última análise, como uma instância transubjetiva e transgeracional.
Ao expor, em "O mal-estar na civilização" (1930a), a problemática de um Supereu cultural (coletivo), Freud retoma a sua pesquisa ("Totem e Tabu", 1912-13a) sobre a origem da civilização: o mito da horda...
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