Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 169-171 |
Page 169
Resulta desses esclarecimentos, em confirmação ao Capítulo XVI, que o ato que institui o governo não é um contrato, mas uma lei, que os depositários do Poder Executivo não são, em absoluto, os donos do povo, mas seus empregados; que é possível nomeá-los ou destituí-los quando lhes convenha; para eles, a questão não é contratar, mas obedecer, e que, ao se encarregarem das funções que o Estado lhes confia, limitam-se a cumprir seu dever de cidadãos, sem que, de qualquer modo, tenham o direito de questionar sobre as condições.
Quando acontece que o povo institui um governo hereditário, seja monárquico numa família, seja aristocrático numa classe de cidadãos, não é um compromisso por ele assumido; é uma forma provisória que dá a administração, até que lhe aprouve de ordenar o contrário.
É certo que essas mudanças são sempre perigosas, e que nunca se deve mexer no governo estabelecido, a não ser que se torne então incompatível com o bem público; mas essa circunspeção é uma máxima de política e não
Page 170
uma regra de direito, e o Estado não está mais obrigado a deixar a autoridade civil a seus chefes do mesmo modo que a autoridade militar a seus generais.
É ainda verdade que, em tais casos, não se poderia observar com muito rigor todas as formalidades exigidas para se distinguir um ato regular e legítimo de um movimento sedicioso, e a vontade de todo um povo dos clamores de uma facção. É aqui sobretudo que só se deve dar ao caso odioso o que não se lhe pode recusar em todo rigor do direito, e é também dessa obrigação que o príncipe retira uma grande vantagem para conservar seu poder a despeito do povo, sem que possa dizer que o tenha usurpado. Porque, ainda que pareça que usou apenas seus direitos, é-lhe muito fácil ampliá-los, e, sob o pretexto da tranquilidade pública, impedir as assembleias destinadas a restabelecer a boa ordem; de modo que ele se prevalece de um silêncio que impede seja rompido, ou de irregularidades que faz cometer, para admitir em seu favor o voto dos que o medo fez calar, e para punir os que ousem falar. Foi assim que os decênviros, eleitos a princípio por um ano, continuando depois por um outro, procuraram reter perpetuamente o poder, impedindo que os comícios se reunissem; e é por esse meio fácil que os governos do mundo, quando revestidos da força pública, cedo ou tarde usurpam a autoridade soberana.
As assembleias periódicas de que falei antes são indicadas para prevenir ou retardar este mal...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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