O Espírito de Família
Autor | Cesare Beccaria |
Páginas | 171-175 |
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Estas funestas e autorizadas injustiças foram aprovadas inclusive pelos homens mais esclarecidos e foram cometidas pelas repúblicas mais livres por haverem encarado a sociedade mais como uma união de famílias do que uma união de homens. Suponhamos que haja cem mil homens ou vinte mil famílias, cada uma das quais composta de cinco pessoas, inclusive o chefe que a representa: se a associação é feita por famílias, haverá vinte mil ho-mens e oitenta mil escravos; se a associação é de ho-mens, haverá cem mil cidadãos e nenhum escravo. Haverá, no primeiro caso, uma república e vinte mil pequenas monarquias que a compõem; no segundo, o espírito republicano não somente soprará nas praças e nas assembleias da nação, como também entre as paredes do lar, em que reside grande parte da felicidade, ou a miséria dos homens. No primeiro caso, como as leis e os costumes são a consequência dos sentimentos habituais dos membros da repúbli-
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ca, isto é, dos chefes da família, o espírito monárquico se introduzirá aos poucos na própria república, e seus efeitos somente serão contidos pelos interesses opostos de cada um, e não mais por um sentimento que inspire liberdade e igualdade. O espírito de família é um espírito de detalhe e limitado a pequenos fatos.
O espírito regulador das repúblicas, senhor dos princípios gerais, vê os fatos e condensa-os nas categorias principais e importantes para o bem da maioria. Na república de famílias, os filhos permanecem sob a autoridade do chefe enquanto este vive, e se obrigam a esperar depois de sua morte uma existência unicamente sujeita as leis. Acostumados a submeterem-se e a temerem numa idade mais jovem e robusta, quando os sentimentos estão menos alterados por aquele temor da experiência, o qual se chama moderação, como resistirão aos empecilhos que o vício opõe sempre à virtude na idade lânguida e decadente, em que até o desespero de ver os frutos se opõe às enérgicas mudanças?
Quando a república é de homens, a família não é uma subordinação de mando, mas de contrato; e os filhos, quando a idade os subtrai da dependência natural, que é a da fraqueza e da necessidade de educação e amparo, se tornam membros livres da cidade e se submetem ao chefe de família para
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participarem das vantagens desta, como o fazem os homens livres nas grandes sociedades. No primeiro caso, os filhos ou a maior parte são os mais úteis da nação, ficando entregues à discrição dos pais; no segundo, não resta outro...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Dos delitos e das penas
- Advertência
- Dos Delitos e das Penas
- O Autor a Quem Ler
- Introdução
- Origem das Penas. Direito de Punir
- Consequências
- Da Interpretação das Leis
- Obscuridade das Leis
- Da Prisão
- Indícios e Formas de Juízos
- Das Testemunhas
- Acusações Secretas
- Perguntas Capciosas. Depoimentos
- Dos Juramentos
- Da Tortura
- Processos e Prescrição
- Tentativas, Cúmplices, Impunidade
- Da Suavidade das Penas
- A Pena de Morte
- Do Banimento e das Confiscações
- Da Desonra
- Da Publicidade e Presteza das Penas
- Da Certeza e Infalibilidade das Penas. Indulto
- Dos Asilos
- Do Uso de pôr a Cabeça a Prêmio
- Da Proporção entre os Crimes e as Penas
- Medida dos Crimes
- Divisão dos Crimes
- Crimes de Lesa-Majestade
- Crimes contra a Segurança do Particular, Violências
- Injúrias
- Os Duelos
- Furtos
- Contrabandos
- Dos Devedores
- A Tranquilidade Pública
- Da Ociosidade
- O Suicídio e os Emigrantes
- Crimes de Prova Difícil
- De uma Espécie Particular de Crimes
- Falsas Ideias de Utilidade
- O Espírito de Família
- O Fisco
- Dos Meios de Prevenir Crimes
- Conclusão
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