Autonomia da Filosofia do Direito
Autor | José Antonio Tobias |
Páginas | 177-179 |
Page 177
Autonomia tem a etimologia derivada do grego: “autós = próprio + nómos = lei, regra” e significa, pois, “ter, ou melhor, ser lei para si mesmo”. O termo foi criado por Kant e, prosseguindo no sentido kantiano, hoje significa “princípio autônomo que tem em si, ou põe por si mesmo, a sua validade ou regra de sua ação”47.
As espécies de autonomia da Filosofia do Direito reduzem-se a três: 1.ª - de autores e professores que, através da Gnoseologia, reduzem a Filosofia do Direito à Lógica; 2.ª - dos que defendem ser a Filosofia do Direito parte da Filosofia; 3.ª - dos que afirmam a Filosofia do Direito ter autonomia através de seu objeto formal, que é o Direito.
A primeira espécie de autonomia da Filosofia do Direito a reduz à Lógica. Desconhecendo a Teoria da Abstração, de Aristóteles, e depois ignorando as lições das três Psicologias (Filosófica, Experimental e Animal), a primeira espécie de autonomia fala de Gnoseologia, também chamada de Teoria do Conhecimento, transformando-a em Lógica e, como consequência, suprimindo a autonomia da Filosofia do Direito.
Page 178
A Lógica, como se viu atrás, é a ciência que põe ordem nas operações da razão. Ora, a Filosofia do Direito, ao contrário, é a ciência filosófica que estuda as causas supremas do Direito, que são: o que é o Direito, origem do Direito e finalidade do Direito, e nada tem a ver com ordem nas operações da razão. Logo, a Filosofia do Direito nada tem a ver com a Lógica, e é autônoma e independente da Lógica.
Como se viu, quatro são as partes da Filosofia: 1.ª - a Filosofia da Natureza, que só abrange seres corpóreos, enquanto a Filosofia do Direito só lida com atos humanos, com leis, com normas que nada têm de corpóreo e de material, de maneira que a Filosofia do Direito não pode ser parte da Filosofia da Natureza; 2.ª - a Metafísica, subdividida em Crítica (também chamada de Gnoseologia ou de Teoria do Conhecimento), em Ontologia e Teodiceia, cujo objeto são todos os entes, ao passo que a Filosofia do Direito, ao...
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