10. O significado atual da responsabilidade objetiva
Autor | Enoque Ribeiro dos Santos |
Ocupação do Autor | Professor Associado da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo. |
Páginas | 106-108 |
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A responsabilidade objetiva, em que não se perquire sobre a culpabilidade do ofensor, de certo modo afastou o foco sobre o elemento culpa e o fixou no nexo de causalidade, na exata medida em que, não havendo a prova do nexo etiológico, descabe a responsabilização do suposto ofensor.
Percebe-se que a lei, ao dispor sobre a objetivação da responsabilidade civil àqueles que se utilizam do risco em suas atividades empresariais, tirando proveito econômico, ao mesmo tempo em que expõem outrem nesse desiderato, embora disponham de instrumentos para mitigá-lo ou preveni-lo, adotando as medidas acautelatórias, não pretendeu inibir o desenvolvimento das atividades econômicas empresariais, mas sobretudo assegurar a devida reparação ou indenização àqueles que forem lesados e que devem receber do direito uma proteção especial.
Hodiernamente verifica-se uma progressiva conscientização de que a responsabilidade objetiva advém de um tipo de responsabilização não mais fulcrada na
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causa do ilícito (geralmente relacionada à conduta do ofensor - na conduta displicente, negligente ou suscitadora de risco), mas muito voltada ao resultado, ou seja, ao dano ou lesão que pode provocar. Em outras palavras, a responsabilidade objetiva afastou-se do conceito de socialização dos riscos para se aproximar mais de uma discussão teleológica voltada à socialização das perdas, tendo por pano de fundo o princípio da solidariedade humana que caracteriza o Estado social.
Sabemos que o próprio conceito de empresa, de empreendimento econômico, traz o conceito de risco embutido em sua atividade empresarial. Empresa é risco e isso vem muito bem disposto no art. 2º, § 2º, da CLT. O risco, portanto, constitui o elemento objetivo que traz sentido à organização empresarial e que justifica a receita do empresário.
Ana Frazão261, ao discorrer sobre o tema, informa que "(...) responsabilidade fundada na culpa começa a se tornar insuficiente, principalmente na chamada era das máquinas. Vários acidentes em ferrovias, fábricas, começam a mostrar as dificuldades de um sistema que se baseia na culpa, que tem uma prova difícil de culpa, cujo ônus até cabe à vítima. Portanto, a grande questão que se colocava diante de algumas hipóteses, inclusive de acidente de trabalho, é: mesmo a culpa da vítima, que é uma excludente tradicional de responsabilidade subjetiva, é algo realmente justo, equitativo que possa afastar a responsabilidade do empresário? Será que não há outro...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- O Dano Moral na Dispensa do Empregado
- O dano moral
- 1. Os princípios básicos que regem o dano moral
- 2. Posições doutrinárias acerca da reparabilidade dos danos morais
- 3. O ressarcimento do dano moral
- 4. O dano moral e as decisões dos tribunais
- 5. As indenizações por dano moral
- 6. O arbítrio do juiz na reparação do dano moral
- 7. O dano moral e a constituição federal de 1988
- 8. A reparação do dano moral com base na nova teoria da responsabilidade solidária
- 9. A aproximação entre a responsabilidade civil subjetiva e a objetiva
- 10. O significado atual da responsabilidade objetiva
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