A Toga
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 15-22 |
Page 15
A primeira coisa que impressiona aquele que se apresenta a uma sala em que se debate um processo penal é que certos homens, que ali atuam, vestem um uniforme, uma “divisa”. Esta tem sido a primeira impressão da justiça, todavia, nos anos de minha infância, quando, ao presenciar um certo cortejo desde as janelas do palácio que tem sua sede na Corte de apelação de Florença, na rua Cavour, vi sair de uma sala de aula um magistrado com toga, e fiquei de boca aberta.
Por que os magistrados e os advogados usam a toga? Não parece uma veste de trabalho, como é para os médicos o avental branco. Por ela se relacionar ao
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que têm de fazer, os juízes e os defensores poderiam não se trocar, ou não cobrir a vestimenta comum. Há, com efeito, países nos quais a toga não é usada; o mesmo ocorre entre nós em relação aos graus inferiores da hierarquia judicial. Então, de que se trata? Só de um obséquio à tradição. Porém, por que foi estabelecida tal tradição?
Creio que a resposta pode vir da mesma palavra. Certamente, como dito, a toga é uma divisa como a dos militares; com a diferença de que os magistrados e os advogados a usam somente em serviço, e até em certos atos do serviço particularmente solenes; na França e, sobretudo, na Inglaterra, onde a tradição se observa mais precisamente, um advogado deve usá-la sempre dentro do Palácio da Justiça.
Pergunto-me por que o traje dos militares se chama divisa. Divisa vem, manifestamente, de dividir; que tem a ver com o traje militar a ideia de divisão? A surpresa se desvanece imediatamente se o verbo dividir se substitui por outro, mais afim, discernir ou distinguir. Há necessidade de se separar os militares dos civis, não é certo? A “divisa” é o signo da autoridade.
Teria razão para dizer que a observância das palavras nos teria orientado imediatamente: na sala de
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justiça se exerce, por excelência, a autoridade; compreende-se que os que a exercem têm de se distinguir daqueles sobre os quais se exercem. É a mesma razão pela qual também os sacerdotes vestem uma “divisa”; e, sobretudo, quando celebram as funções litúrgicas, usam as vestes sagradas.
A “divisa” se chama também uniforme. O significado desta outra palavra parece contradizer, sem dúvida, a primeira, posto que alude a uma união em lugar de uma divisão. Mas são, no fundo, dois significados complementares: a toga, verdadeiramente, como o traje militar, desune e une; separa os magistrados e os advogados dos profanos para uni-los...
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