Para que servem as audiências públicas no STF?
Autor | Fernando Leal |
Páginas | 95-98 |
Page 95
O STF realizou ontem sua décima oitava audiência pública. Dessas, 13 ocorreram nos últimos três anos, sendo 7 só no ano de 2013. Desses 18 processos, apenas 6 já foram decididos pelo tribunal. Apesar desse pequeno número, os ministros do STF parecem não ter dúvidas: as audiências têm impactos positivos. Em recente artigo de jornal, o ministro Luís Roberto Barroso observou que elas são fundamentais na promoção de um "debate aberto e plural". Manifestações desse tipo são muito semelhantes ao que os ministros dizem a respeito do instituto do amicus curiae, que serviria também para "pluralizar o debate constitucional" (ministro Celso de Mello na ADI 2321-MC), "pluralizar e a legitimar social e democraticamente o debate constitucional" (ministra Rosa Weber no RE 592891-SP) ou "conferir um caráter pluralista ao processo objetivo de controle abstrato de constitucionalidade" (ministro Gilmar Mendes na ADI 2316). Seriam, então, os impactos positivos das audiências públicas os mesmos relacionados à participação da sociedade civil no Supremo como amicus curiae? Para que servem, ainal, as audiências públicas?
Amicus curiae e audiências publicas não precisam ser mecanismos sobrepostos de participação na jurisdição constitucional. São instrumentos que o tribunal pode utilizar para enfrentar dois déicits permanentes e objetivos da jurisdição constitucional: o de legitimação democrática (como pode o Judiciário invalidar legitimamente decisões majoritárias?) e o de expertise técnica (como pode o Judiciário tomar decisões justiicadas sobre questões de fato, que dizem respeito ao domínio da ciência?).
Page 96
No controle de constitucionalidade, o primeiro déicit é permanente; o segundo, contingente, na medida em que só aparece quando a solução de questões constitucionais também passa pela superação de "questões técnicas"; temas, como disse o ministro Fux, "que escapam ao suposto conhecimento enciclopédico da magistratura". Há vários exemplos de problemas "técnicos" desse tipo enfrentados pelo STF nos últimos anos. Todas as ibras de amianto são prejudiciais à saúde? A vida de um feto anencéfalo é viável fora do útero? Quais são os efeitos da radiação eletromagnética para a saúde das pessoas e as consequências de uma eventual redução do campo eletromagnético para o fornecimento de energia? Quais são os reais efeitos que a ingestão de álcool pode causar em condutores de veículos?
Mecanismos de participação na jurisdição constitucional pretendem lidar...
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