A Sentença Penal
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 91-98 |
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Reconstruída a história, aplicada a lei, o juiz absolve ou condena. Duas palavras que se ouvem pronunciar continuamente, mas cujo significado profundo é necessário descobrir.
Deveriam significar: o imputado é inocente ou culpado. O juiz deve, entretanto, escolher entre o não do defensor e o sim do Ministério Público. Mas e se não pode escolher? Para escolher, deve ter uma certeza, no sentido negativo ou no sentido positivo; e se não há? As provas deveriam servir para iluminar o passado, onde antes havia obscuridade; e se não servem? Então, diz a lei, o juiz absolve por insuficiência de provas; e
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o que quer dizer isso? Que o imputado não é culpado, mas tampouco é inocente; quando é inocente, o juiz declara que não cometeu o fato ou que o fato não constitui delito. O juiz diz que não pode dizer nada, nestes casos. O processo se encerra com um nada de fato. E parece a solução mais lógica deste mundo.
Bem, mas e o imputado? Que um seja imputado quer dizer provavelmente, já que não certamente, cometeu um delito; o processo, ou melhor, o debate serve, precisamente, para resolver a dúvida. Em troca, quando o juiz absolve por insuficiência de provas, não resolve nada: as coisas ficam como antes. A absolvição por não ter cometido o fato ou porque o fato não constitui delito cancela a imputação; com a absolvição por insuficiência de provas, a imputação subsiste. O processo não termina nunca. O imputado continua sendo imputado por toda a vida. Não é um absurdo também isto? Nada menos que uma confissão da impotência da justiça. Mas, pode a justiça confessar-se impotente? E, entretanto, se é, não é justa a confissão? Não seria pior se o juiz declarasse a inocência ou a culpabilidade quando não está convencido de uma nem de outra? A sentença se resolveria numa mentira. O processo chega, assim, a um corredor sem saída, do qual não é pos-
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sível escapar. Ou mentir ou declarar a falência: uma via intermediária não existe. E não se pode censurar nem as leis nem os homens: assim é a necessidade e o que se pode dizer é somente que, também a este respeito, o processo penal é uma pobre coisa; e devemos tirar dele as consequências quanto ao comportamento a observar em relação àqueles que foram afetados.
Tanto mais grave é a deficiência, que agora se pôs às claras, enquanto o imputado não é culpado, que a declaração de sua inocência é o único modo para reparar o dano que injustamente lhe ocasionou. Verdadeiramente, se não cometeu o...
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