A Propriedade
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 55-62 |
Page 55
O castigo do furto implica o reconhecimento da propriedade. Nessa simples proposição, expressam-se o nexo e até a correlação entre o direito penal e o direito civil, os quais são a cara e a coroa de uma mesma moeda.
Afirmamos, na segunda lição, que a propriedade nasce no terreno da economia, antes que no do direito. Mas, naquele terreno, a tutela da propriedade se ampara, exclusivamente, nas forças do proprietário: se ele não chega a defendê-la, perde a propriedade. Mas, quando quem se apodera das coisas alheias é castigado, ou seja, quando se proíbe o furto, não é só o proprietário quem defende seu domínio, isto é, em primeiro lugar sua casa, pois à porta estão os policiais. Então, a propriedade, de instituto puramente econômico, passa ser um instituto jurídico, e até se converte em um direito.
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Aqui se apresenta uma espécie de jogo de palavras, acerca do qual devo ser claro. Até agora, temos chamado de direito o ordenamento jurídico, ou seja, o conjunto de comandos que o formam, ou, para que me faça compreender melhor, o conjunto dos códigos e das leis. Mas como se pode chamar de direito também a propriedade? Essa espécie de confusão é desfeita se levarmos em conta as expressões utilizadas pelos romanos, que tiveram um admirável sentido do direito e dos quais, de todos os modos, provém nosso pensamento jurídico.
Vimos que os romanos, para significar o direito, diziam ius. Faziam-no assim porque o direito integra um sistema de comandos (iussum, iubere). De que forma se fez, no direito romano, o reconhecimento da propriedade? O furto não tem consistido em levar a coisa de outro sic et simpliciter, mas em levá-la contra a vontade do proprietário. Isso quer dizer que se atribuiu, ao proprietário, o poder de permitir ou de proibir que o outro se apodere de suas coisas – portanto, de um poder ordinatório – poder esse que,
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precisamente porque se resume em um iubere (mandar), se chamou ius. Se, ao passar por uma frutaria, pego uma maçã sem pagá-la, sou culpado de furto com a condição de que o fruteiro não me tenha permitido pegá-la. Isso significa que a tutela de sua propriedade depende dele, de sua ordem, de sua vontade. A essência do direito é sempre essa, devido ao fato de que a ordem provém do chefe e de que este reconhece de imediato o poder de mandar conforme seus próprios interesses. A verdade é que, quando o dominus proíbe ou permite a alguém entrar em sua casa, faz direito do mesmo modo que o faz o chefe...
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