Prefácio
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 7-11 |
Page 7
Quando Carnelutti, na idade de trinta e seis anos, publicou em 1915 (ano de sua ascensão à cátedra processualística paduana) a Prova civil, tinha nas costas uma breve experiência como civilista, iniciada em 1903 com os estudos em matéria de infortúnios no trabalho (depois recolhidos nos dois volumes de 1913 e 1914) e continuada, a partir de 1909, com estudos de direito do trabalho e de direito comercial e industrial, que lhe valeram o encargo à Bocconi antes e a cátedra de Catania depois. Podemos pedir, a nós mesmos, portanto, por quais vias Carnelutti tenha atracado num estudo rigorosamente processualístico da prova civil, um tema por ele tocado de leve somente em algumas notas de jurisprudência sobre a forma escrita dos contratos (Riv. dir. comm., 1909, II, 580; 1911, II, 616) e sobre o ônus da prova da novidade da marca (aí, 1914, II, 439). A resposta a dá o próprio Carnelutti no prefácio da primeira edição da Prova civil, onde indica como “um aspecto saliente do progresso da teoria geral do direito o trabalhoso processo de desintegração do fenômeno jurídico substancial das formas de sua realização judiciária”. Enquanto tal evolução – ele afirma – está muito avançada “sobre o ponto da distinção entre ação e direito subjetivo”, diversamente estão as coisas “sobre a linha que separa a existência do direito da sua prova”, e os confirmam institutos como aquele “do ônus da prova ou o outro da forma documental do negócio, cuja teoria apresenta ainda um amálgama tão compacto de elementos substanciais e de elementos processuais que se deve reconhecer que aqui a respectiva autonomia das duas ordens jurídicas não é ainda madura”.
Page 8
É, portanto, sobre o terreno do direito substancial, que Carnelutti encontrou os problemas teóricos por ele aos poucos resolvidos com o auxílio dos resultados alcançados pela doutrina alemã, à qual reconhece “uma perfeição científica verdadeiramente notável”, assimilando, com perfeito domínio, os resultados e dialogando com seus maiores expoentes nas amplas e rigorosas notas (feitas) no texto. Ponto de partida é a definição da função da prova como meio para a deter-minação formal dos fatos controvertidos; ponto de chegada, a análise da estrutura da prova, concentrada sobre o conceito de representação, que se consegue “por meio da representação de um fato diverso do fato representado” e se articula nas duas formas do documento e do testemunho. Portanto, eixo da teoria é aquela distinção entre função e...
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