Prefácio
Autor | Antonio Sodré |
Páginas | 11-13 |
Page 11
Embora já antiga de séculos, a arbitragem passou para o primeiro plano como forma privada de solução de litígios a partir da segunda metade do século
XX. Vários fatores podem ser identificados como responsáveis por esse renascimento, dentre os quais, pode-se dizer, tem relevância a emergência da sociedade civil e a modificação do Estado. A primeira assumiu papel relevante na defesa do interesse público, como se nota pela atuação das organizações internacionais em matéria de direitos humanos e do meio ambiente, que atuam, com freqüência, até contra o próprio Estado. Este, por sua vez, perdeu sua primazia como ator interno e internacional, compelido a conviver com organizações internacionais, grupos de pressão dos mais diversos e as empresas multinacionais.
No Brasil do século XIX a arbitragem era obrigatória para as controvérsias entre comerciantes e sua extinção foi saudada como providência salutar, pois desnecessária, já que o Estado propiciava estrutura adequada para dirimir litígios. O Código Civil de 1916 regulou-a, dispondo normas sobre o compromisso arbitral e, em 1923, a Convenção de Genebra sobre Cláusulas Arbitrais contava com a assinatura do Brasil, dentre os que a aprovaram. Clóvis Bevilaqua, atuando como Consultor Jurídico do Itamaraty, recomendou sua ratificação e, até mesmo, a incorporação ao direito interno da obrigatoriedade de observância da cláusula arbitral. Apesar disso, somente veio a ser ratificada em 1932 e nunca foi aplicada. Prevalecia o Estado, por meio do Judiciário, como absoluto e ator indispensável na solução de controvérsias privadas.
Era a característica de uma época, à qual o Brasil se alinhava. Com o crescimento dos investimentos internacionais, o desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação, a inter-relação maior entre nações, os efeitos da Segunda Guerra, a criação da ONU e de um sem número de outras organizações internacionais, nova mentalidade foi se firmando. O Estado, na sua antiga configuração, deixou de existir. Perdeu a prerrogativa da imunidade absoluta
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da jurisdição em matéria de direito comercial – tardiamente reconhecida pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal – e surgiram as organizações não governamentais a retirar-lhe o monopólio da defesa do interesse público.
A Convenção de Nova Iorque, de 1958, que substituiu a de Genebra de 1923, deu o mote, sendo ratificada por numerosos países. Menos pelo Brasil. Coincidentemente, a partir de então, a arbitragem passou a ser novamente utilizada...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Curso de Direito Arbitral
- Sobre o Autor
- Dedicatória
- Agradecimentos
- Prefácio
- Introdução
- O uso da arbitragem para a solução de conflitos
- Nascimento e desenvolvimento de um processo arbitral
- Conflitos passíveis de arbitragem
- A arbitragem na administração pública
- O advogado no processo arbitral
- A lei n° 9.307/96 comentada artigo por artigo
- História da arbitragem ao longo do tempo
- Exemplos de processos arbitrais
- Glossário
- Anexo 1 - Relação de câmaras arbitrais
- Anexo 2 - Regulamento de algumas câmaras de arbitragem
- Anexo 3 - Coletânea de jurisprudência
- Referências Bibliográficas
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