Planos econômicos: um falso impasse
Autor | Diego Werneck Arguelhes, Thomaz Pereira |
Páginas | 139-141 |
Page 139
A declaração de suspeição do ministro Fachin paralisou o julgamento de planos econômicos no Supremo. Com os minis-tros Barroso, Fux e Cármen Lúcia também suspeitos, restam apenas sete ministros votantes. O presidente Lewandowski não vê no regimento caminhos para o tribunal começar o julgamento e nos próximos dias deve ouvir seus colegas sobre como julgar o caso . Mas essa paralisia pode ser contornada. Há ao menos duas soluções possíveis para o atual impasse - uma interpretativa, e a outra regimental. Ambas permitiriam que o tribunal julgasse esse caso imediatamente.
Qual a função de se exigir um quórum mínimo de instalação? Nossa tese é simples: em um tribunal (ou qualquer outro órgão cole-giado), a inalidade desse tipo de regra é garantir que nenhuma decisão seja tomada em momento no qual o colegiado não conte com um mínimo de presença dos ministros. Se hoje há muitos ministros ausentes, a regra exige que se aguarde a próxima sessão - evitando que o acaso da ausência ou o arbítrio da pauta ixada pelo presidente decidam em nome de um tribunal fragmentado. Ou seja, o quórum tem como inalidade garantir que a decisão do Supremo expresse ielmente a atual composição do tribunal, exigindo presença mínima de seus membros.
Uma interpretação alternativa, que parece ser a do Supremo neste momento, vê no quórum um mecanismo de não decisão: em vez de presença, o quórum se refere à composição votante do tribunal. Com quatro ministros impedidos ou suspeitos, o tribunal teria que esperar até que um ministro "votante" ingresse na vaga de um dos "não votantes" de agora. No caso, supondo que nenhum ministro se aposente
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antes dos 75, isso signiica esperar até que ingresse no tribunal o subs-tituto do ministro Fux, em 2028.
Mas esperar treze anos não é uma solução. É deturpar o signiicado do quórum de instalação para o processo decisório de um tribunal. No caso dos planos econômicos, o problema não é que ausências momentâneas de alguns ministros tornem o plenário perigosamente não representativo da composição atual do tribunal. O problema é que a atual composição do tribunal, mesmo quando estão presentes todos os 11 ministros, inclui 4 que não poderão votar nesse caso. Interpretar o quórum como se referindo à composição votante, e não aos ministros presentes, seria deturpar a função desta regra. O quórum de instalação não pode produzir denegação de justiça.
A interpretação que propomos encontra expressão textual na Constituição, na...
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