Objeto a
Autor | Silvane Maria Marchesini |
Ocupação do Autor | Jurista. Psicóloga. Psicanalista. Pós-Graduada, Mestra em Psicologia Clínica |
Páginas | 192-192 |
Page 192
Dá-se o nome de objeto a ao objeto causa do desejo (a letra aparenta-o à logica ao evitar o efeito de sentido de uma denominação).
Lacan designa por a, em primeiro lugar, o outro minúsculo [= *le petit autre], o semelhante, enquanto objeto erótico ("As formações do Inconsciente", O Seminário, Livro 5, 1957-58) depois, tendo mostrado que é uma falta o que o faz objeto erótico, designa por a aquilo que simboliza essa falta e também, subsequentemente, a própria falta.
Em "O desejo e sua interpretação" (O semi-nário, Livro 6, 1958-59) Lacan designa por a a parte do corpo cedida em sacrifício simbólico. Ela está em relação de disjunção-conjunção com o sujeito barrado, relação que constitui a fantasia: $ ?
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Sua disjunção do sujeito não faz dela um objeto visado pelo desejo, ela organiza o plano imagi-nário da fantasia onde o desejo se ixa: ‘a’ é a causa do desejo ("A Angústia", O seminário, Livro 10, 1962-63). Sua conjunção com o sujeito não é reunião nem conhecimento por este último, ela é abolição transitória do sujeito (afânise) na medida em que não é seu complemento, mas seu dobramento.
Antes da perda do objeto e constituição da fantasia, a base de apoio do sujeito original é demarcada por Lacan ao nível do objeto transicional descrito por Winnicott, e, num estádio ulterior, o carretel do jogo de Fort-Da é visto por ele como o símbolo da parte do corpo a ponto de separar-se (e não como o símbolo da mãe, visto que, para Lacan, a separação não ocorre entre a criança e a mãe, mas no objeto a para cada um deles).
Lacan distingue quatro objetos a, ao que dá o nome de "fragmentos do corpo": seio, excremento, olhar e voz, em relação com os orifícios do corpo e aos quais correspondem as pulsões parciais. Eles não estão ordenados segundo uma perspectiva genética, mas designados pela mesma letra porque têm todos a mesma função que é de simbolizar a castração. O objeto a é objeto parcial, mas não existe objeto total, uma vez que a, enquanto falta, bloqueia a totalização.
O objeto perdido pode, sem dúvida, ser apreendido no registro imaginário (o seio de que a criança foi separada no desmame, o excremento que ela expulsou), mas isso não deve ocultar o fato de que o que Lacan designa por a participa em primeiro lugar do real no que ele é inarticulável pela palavra (assim o seio como objeto a, é o resto inarticulado da demanda oral). Ele também está fora do campo fenomenal, não perceptível na imagem do corpo nem na dos objetos do mundo.
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