Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 131-137 |
Page 131
A liberdade, por não ser um fruto de todos os climas, não está ao alcance de todos os povos. Quanto mais se medita sobre este princípio estabelecido por Montesquieu, mais se sente sua verdade. Quanto mais se o contesta, mais se lhe dá oportunidade de se firmar com novas provas.
Em todos os governos do mundo, a pessoa pública consome e nada produz. De onde, pois, lhe vem a subs-tância consumida? Do trabalho de seus membros. É o supérfluo dos particulares que produz o necessário para o público. Donde se infere que o estado civil não pode subsistir senão enquanto o trabalho dos homens renda mais do que suas necessidades. Ora, esse excedente não é o mesmo em todos os países do mundo. É considerável, em muitos, medíocres; em outros, é nulo; e noutros, negativo. Essa relação depende da fertilidade do clima, da espécie de trabalho que a terra exige, da natureza de suas produções, da força de seus habitantes, do maior ou menor consumo que lhes seja necessário e de várias outras relações semelhantes de que se compõe.
Page 132
Por outro lado, todos os governos não são da mesma natureza; há os mais ou menos exigentes, e as diferenças se fundam neste outro princípio de que, quanto mais as contribuições públicas se afastam de sua fonte, tanto mais onerosas se tornam. É preciso não medir este encargo com a quantidade de imposições, mas com o percurso que elas têm de fazer para retornarem às mãos de que saíram; estando preparada e estabelecida essa circulação, pouco importa que se pague pouco ou muito; o povo é sempre rico e as finanças caminham sempre bem. Ao contrário, por pouco que o povo dê, quando esse pouco não retorna a ele, continuando sempre a dar, logo se exaure; o Estado nunca é rico, e o povo é sempre indigente.
Segue-se que, quanto mais aumenta a distância entre o povo e o governo, mais onerosos se tornam os tributos; desse modo, o povo é menos sobrecarregado na demo-cracia, na aristocracia ele o é um pouco mais, e suporta maior peso na monarquia. A monarquia só convém às nações opulentas, a aristocracia aos Estados medíocres tanto em riqueza como em extensão, a democracia aos Estados pequenos e pobres.
Com efeito, quanto mais se reflete a respeito, melhor se percebe a diferença entre os Estados livres e as monarquias; tudo se aplica, nos primeiros, em benefício da utilidade comum; nas outras, as forças públicas e particulares são recíprocas, fortalecendo-se uma com o enfraquecimento da outra. Enfim, em lugar de governar os...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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