O ministro Fux e o 'germe da inconstitucionalidade
Autor | Diego Werneck Arguelhes |
Páginas | 277-279 |
Page 277
Um slogan ronda as sessões do Supremo nas últimas semanas: o "germe da inconstitucionalidade". Tanto na decisão do inanciamento de campanha quanto na decisão de ontem sobre acesso de partidos ao fundo partidário, o ministro Fux asseverou que, por força de decisões de inconstitucionalidade do Supremo, novas leis similares conteriam o "germe" da mesma inconstitucionalidade. Em princípio, o "germe" seria apenas um lembrete de que decisões passadas podem servir como precedentes capazes de orientar decisões futuras. Mas há mais por trás dessa metáfora.
Na fala de Fux na sessão de quinta, o "germe" impediria ações dos próprios parlamentares sobre o mesmo tema. A decisão de agora plan-taria em leis futuras a semente - ou talvez o micróbio - da inconstitucionalidade. Já teriam seu destino selado, e ao Congresso só caberia a resignação. Nas palavras de Fux, uma nova tentativa congressual de legislar sobre a mesma questão representaria um "atentado à dignidade da jurisdição do Supremo Tribunal Federal".
Entretanto, não existem leis automaticamente inconstitucionais. Mesmo que haja precedentes claros sobre um dado tema, as leis novas - que alegadamente conteriam o "germe" - precisarão ser questionadas de novo. O Supremo terá que tomar novas decisões. O problema é que o "germe da inconstitucionalidade" está no olho do intérprete, e não no texto da lei. Entendimentos poderão ser alterados, especialmente em um órgão colegiado. No caso, Fux está apenas dando a sua versão de como a decisão de hoje deveria ser interpretada em casos futuros. Questão de direito, de interpretação
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de precedentes, e não de fato. Prever a posição de seus colegas em casos futuros é arriscado.
Outros ministros podem discordar, inclusive, de que a lei futura seja de fato semelhante à lei atacada pelo Supremo. No processo decisório individualizado e fragmentado do tribunal, é bastante comum que ministros façam leituras muito diferentes do que seria a posição do tribunal em um caso passado. Menos comum, mas também possível, é que mudem explícita e até radicalmente de posição. Na sessão de quinta, por exemplo, o ministro Dias Toffoli sinalizou ter mudado de entendimento sobre a questão do inanciamento de campanha por empresas.
Nova legislação e novos casos sobre problemas que alguns ou todos os ministros já considerariam decididos, aliás...
Para continuar a ler
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- Financiamento de campanha, insegurança jurídica e o calendário eleitoral
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