Migrações climáticas e cidades resilientes: uma nova agenda urbana para o desenvolvimento sustentável
| Autor | Diogo Andreolla Serraglio, Heline Sivini Ferreira, Nicholas Robinson |
| Cargo | Pontífícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR) Curitiba, PR, Brasil/German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Alemanha/Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University, Estados Unidos |
| Páginas | 10-46 |
Recebido em: 05/11/2019
Revisado em: 02/12/2019
Aprovado em: 10/12/2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2019v41n83p10
Direito autoral e licença de uso: Este artigo está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons.Com essa licença você
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Climate-Induced Migration and Resilient Cities: a
New Urban Agenda for Sustainable Development1
Migrações Climáticas e Cidades Resilientes: uma Nova Agenda Urbana para o
Desenvolvimento Sustentável
Diogo Andreola Serraglio1
Heline Sivini Ferreira2
Nicholas A. Robinson3
1Pontífícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR) Curitiba, PR, Brasil
2German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Alemanha
3Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University, Estados Unidos
Abstract: The study aims at examining how
climate-induced migration can contribute to
the sustainable development of cities. Through
the deductive approach, the linkages between
climate change and human mobility are initially
analyzed. Thereafter, it investigates how urban
centers deal with such phenomena. It then looks
into the Agenda 2030, with a special focus
on the SDG 11. Despite the attempt to make
cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable, this SDG does not
take into account the role played by climate-
induced migrants in urbanized areas. In view of
this, the New Urban Agenda (UN-HABITAT)
is explored: it recognizes that migrants can
bring significant social, economic and cultural
contributions to urban life.
Keywords: Climate-induced Migration.
Resilient Cities. New Urban Agenda.
Resumo: O presente estudo propõe-se a exami-
nar como migrações de cunho climático podem
contribuir para a expansão sustentável de cida-
des. A partir do método dedutivo, as conexões
entre mudanças climáticas e mobilidade humana
são inicialmente analisadas. Em seguida, inves-
tiga-se como os centros urbanos lidam com tais
fenômenos e, por fim, volta-se à Agenda 2030,
com especial atenção ao ODS 11. Apesar de
almejar tornar as cidades e os assentamentos
urbanos inclusivos, seguros, resilientes e sus-
tentáveis, esse ODS não considera o papel de-
sempenhado por migrantes climáticos em áreas
urbanizadas. Explora-se, diante disso, a Nova
Agenda Urbana (ONU-HABITAT), que reconhe-
ce que migrantes podem trazer contribuições so-
ciais, econômicas e culturais para a vida urbana.
Palavras-chave: Migração Climática. Cidades
Resilientes. Nova Agenda Urbana.
1 This paper was presented during the 16th Annual Colloquium of the IUCN Academy
of Environmental Law – The transformation of Enviromental Law and governance:
Innovation, risk and resilience, which took place in July 2018 and was hosted by the
University of Strathclyde, in Glasgow, Scotland.
Seqüência (Florianópolis), n. 83, p. 10-46, dez. 2019 11
Diogo Andreola Serraglio – Heline Sivini Ferreira – Nicholas A. Robinson
1 Introduction
Forced migration has intensified due to the impacts of climate change
over the past decades. Sea-level rise, droughts and desertification processes,
as well as the higher incidence of extreme weather-events, are leading to the
internal and/or cross-border displacement of people towards urban areas.
This challenges the governance of several developing countries.
Considering that the global urban population increased from 746
million to 7.6 billion between 1950 and 2017, and given the estimate that
a further 03 billion people will live in urbanized areas by 2050, cities try
to cope with disorderly growth in a sustainable manner.
As urban centers can promote the inclusion of climate-induced
migrants through policymaking, this study aims at examining how human
mobility in the context of climate change can contribute to the sustainable
development of cities.
Through the deductive method, the linkages between climate
change and human mobility, as well as the outlines that allow the
identification of people compelled to move due to environmental reasons,
are initially analyzed. Thereafter, the impacts of global warming in urban
areas are investigated: while cities are responsible for greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions into the atmosphere, they also become increasingly
susceptible and unable to manage their consequences.
It then looks into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
with a special focus on the Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11).
Despite the attempt to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable, this SDG does not take into account the role
played by environmental migrants in urbanized areas. New approaches
discussing the needs of this group of individuals are thus suggested.
In view of this, the New Urban Agenda, established by the
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), is
explored. Although migration processes towards cities reveal a plethora
of obstacles, it is recognized that migrants can bring significant social,
economic and cultural contributions to urban life.
12 Seqüência (Florianópolis), n. 83, p. 10-46, dez. 2019
Climate-Induced Migration and Resilient Cities: a New Urban Agenda for Sustainable Development
2 The Intensification of Migration Patterns due to Climate
Change
Issues surrounding climate change have proven to be among
the most hotly debated of this century. This phenomenon accelerated
due to the unrestrained emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the
atmosphere by anthropogenic activities in pursuit of economic growth2.
From this perspective, Leal-Arcas 3 highlights that the warming of
the earth’s surface is seen as a threat not only to humanity, but also to
environmental sustainability.
The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) attests that human activities have changed
and continue to change the Earth’s surface and atmospheric composition4.
It is thus contended that man’s interference with the environment has
brought about the increase in average global temperatures between
1951 and 2010, with GHG emissions being the main driver behind the
earth’s surface temperature increasing between 0.5º C and 1.3º C in this
period. Moreover, the average annual terrestrial warming recorded in the
twentieth century has led, notably, to a reversal in the long term cooling
trend in the northern hemisphere over the last 5000 years. In other words,
regarding the annual average temperatures in the northern hemisphere,
1983-2012 were most likely the 30 hottest years of the last 1400 years5.
The overloading caused by steadily increasing air pollution has
intensified environmental impacts, raising problems for the international
community, such as the need to regulate the situation of those forced to
migrate as a result of the effects of climate change.
Human mobility due to environmental misfortunes is not without
precedent in the history of humanity. The devastation of the environment
2 BRADBROOK, A.; OTTINGER, R. Energy law and sustainable development.
Geneva, Switzerland: IUCN, 2003. p. 13-14.
3 LEAL-ARCAS, R. Climate change and international trade. Cheltenham, UK:
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013. p. 28.
4 IPCC, 2013, p. 18.
5 IPCC, 2013, p. 25-26.
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