Juízes podem derrubar o presidente da República?
Autor | Silvana Batini |
Páginas | 355-357 |
Page 355
O Tribunal Superior Eleitoral tem pela frente o julgamento de três ações cujo objeto é a cassação da presidente Dilma. O tema vem ocupando a mídia nos últimos dias, não apenas porque a crise política parece se agravar, mas também porque o Tribunal decidiu aceitar o depoimento dos réus colaboradores da Operação Lava Jato. Mas juízes podem derrubar presidentes?
Juridicamente, sim. Entretanto, essa resposta formal esconde muitas incertezas e caminhos não testados no direito brasileiro: da deinição do que é abuso de poder econômico e político - principal imputação nas três ações que tramitam no TSE - às consequências da cassação do mandato nessas condições.
A Constituição prevê uma ação especíica para impugnar o mandato obtido com abuso. A Lei Complementar 64/90, alterada pela Lei da Ficha Limpa, tem previsão semelhante e estabelece o procedimento de apuração do ilícito. Uma vez constatado que houve abuso, a lei prevê a cassação do registro do candidato (se ainda estiver em curso o processo eleitoral) ou do diploma - o que equivale a cassar o mandato.
Mesmo antes da Ficha Limpa, o direito brasileiro já previa essa solução há décadas. A lei, contudo, nunca deiniu o que é abuso de poder econômico e político. Trata-se de um elemento normativo de conteúdo aberto e, portanto, sujeito a interpretações pontuais por parte da justiça eleitoral, que vem construindo categorias para conigurar o que seria o abuso na prática.
O problema é que essas categorias são, elas mesmas, vagas e sujeitas à interpretação. Potencialidade lesiva, lisura, equilíbrio do pleito,
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isonomia, liberdade - são tentativas imperfeitas de responder, com um mínimo de objetividade, a questão de quando o abuso compromete a normalidade e a legitimidade de uma eleição a ponto de se anularem os votos de milhares de eleitores. Na última década, estes parâmetros vêm sendo utilizados para cassar prefeitos, vereadores e, excepcionalmente, alguns governadores. Como seriam aplicados em uma ação contra o presidente da República, em um contexto de crise política? Há aqui, pelo menos, quatro complicadores para a atuação judicial.
Primeiro, a Lei da Ficha Limpa determinou que a coniguração do abuso independe do seu impacto efetivo no resultado da eleição. O tribunal deve se ater tão somente à gravidade da conduta. Ou seja, se o TSE admitir que a campanha foi irrigada com dinheiro de corrupção, terá que decidir se isto é grave ou não, independentemente da inluência que teve no...
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