O Juiz e o Imputado
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 71-79 |
Page 71
O juiz – temos dito – é também ele um historiador, com a única diferença entre a grande e a pequena história. E posto que a história que o juiz faz, ou melhor, reconstrói, é a pequena história, pode parecer que sua missão resulte mais fácil que a de reconstruir a grande história. Eu me pergunto, no entanto, se verdadeiramente é mais fácil manejar o microscópio que o telescópio: a diferença entre o povo e o indivíduo não é a diferença entre o macrocosmos e o microcosmos? É um aspecto de nossa cegueira o de dar demasiada importância à distinção entre as coisas grandes e as pequenas; depois de tudo, a experiência do valor do átomo deveria ter-nos desenganado.
Page 72
De todo modo, a missão histórica do juiz não está somente em reconstruir um fato: quando em um processo por homicídio se estabeleceu a certeza de que o imputado, com um tiro de pistola, tenha matado um homem, não se sabe, todavia, dele tudo o que é necessário saber para dever condená-lo. O homicídio não é somente ter matado, senão ter querido matar. Isto quer dizer que o juiz não deve limitar sua investigação aos aspectos externos, ou seja, às relações do corpo do homem com o resto do mundo, mas que deve descer, mediante sua investigação, à alma daquele homem. E quando se diz alma ou espírito ou psiquismo, como hoje preferem as pessoas cultas, alude-se a uma região misteriosa da qual não conseguimos falar a não ser mediante metáforas. É necessário ir com cautela na investigação neste terreno. O perigo mais grave é o de atribuir a outro a nossa alma, ou seja, o de julgar o que ele sentiu, compreendeu, quis, segundo o que nós sentimos, compreendemos, queremos.
Certamente, não se pode julgar a vontade senão por meio da ação, ou seja, do que o homem faz. Mas de tudo o que se faz, não somente de uma parte. A ação do homem não é o ato singular, mas todos os seus atos em conjunto. Aqui, o conceito que pode nos
Page 73
orientar é o de indivíduo, precisamente porque expressa a ideia da indivisibilidade; indivíduo não quer dizer outra coisa senão indivisível. Um homem se denomina indivíduo para significar, em uma palavra, que não se pode fazer sua história aos pedaços. O que o homem desejou não se pode conhecer senão por meio do que o homem é; e o que o homem é somente se conhece por toda sua história. O eu de cada um de nós é um centro ao qual se referem e ao qual se unificam todos nossos atos. Cada um de nossos atos se relaciona com este princípio. Fisicamente, o ato pode...
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