O Juiz e as Partes
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 41-50 |
Page 41
No mais alto da escala está o juiz. Não existe um ofício mais alto que o seu nem uma dignidade mais imponente. Está situado, na sala, sobre a cátedra; e merece esta superioridade.
A linguagem dos juristas celebra o juiz com uma palavra, acerca de cujo profundo significado os próprios juristas, e tanto mais os filósofos, deveriam deter, mais do que a detêm, a atenção. Nós decidimos que perante o juiz estão as partes. Denominam-se partes os sujeitos de um contrato: por exemplo, o vendedor e o comprador, o arrendador e o arrendatário, o sócio e o outro sócio; e igualmente, os sujeitos de uma lide:
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o credor, que quer receber, e o devedor que não quer pagar; o proprietário que quer a entrega de sua casa, e o inquilino que quer continuar habitando-a; e, final-mente, denominam-se também dessa maneira os sujeitos do contraditório, ou seja, daquela disputa que se desenrola entre os dois defensores nos processos civis ou entre o Ministério Público e o defensor nos processos penais. Estes, todos eles, denominam-se assim porque estão divididos, e a parte procede, precisamente, da divisão: cada um tem um interesse oposto ao do outro; o vendedor queria entregar pouca mercadoria e ganhar muito dinheiro, enquanto o comprador quer exatamente o contrário; cada um dos sócios queria tomar a parte do leão; dos dois defensores, se um deles vence, o outro perde; e cada um deles quer a água no seu moinho.
Os juristas utilizam, por isso, o termo parte, mas o significado de parte é muito mais profundo; na parte convergem o ser e o não ser; cada parte é ela mesma e não é a outra parte. Mas, se é assim, todas as coisas e todos os homens são partes; uma rosa é uma rosa e não uma violeta; um cavalo é um cavalo e não um boi; eu sou eu e não sou você. E este descobrimento de ser o homem não outra coisa que uma parte tem
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inestimável valor; por isso, os filósofos deveriam dar maior crédito à linguagem dos juristas e prestar-lhe maior atenção.
Assim, pois, se aqueles que estão perante o juiz para serem julgados são partes, quer dizer que o juiz não é parte. Com efeito, os juristas dizem que o juiz está super partes; por isso, o juiz está no alto e o imputado embaixo, por baixo dele; um na cela, outro sobre a cátedra. Igualmente, o defensor está abaixo, referente ao juiz; pelo contrário, se o Ministério Público está a seu lado, isto constitui um erro, que mediante uma maior consciência em torno da mecânica do processo se terminará por retificar. O juiz, todavia, é também um homem; se é um homem, ele também é...
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