Introdução
Autor | Cesare Beccaria |
Páginas | 25-28 |
Page 25
Os homens abandonam geralmente a elaboração das normas mais importantes à prudência de cada dia, ou à discrição daqueles cujos interesses consistem em se oporem às leis providentes, que tornam, por natureza, universais os benefícios e resistem ao esforço; motivo por que tendem a se condensarem em poucas, colocando, de um lado, a totalidade do poder e da felicidade e, de outro, a fraqueza e a miséria. Por isso, somente depois de haverem transposto milhares de erros nas coisas mais essenciais à vida e à liberdade, somente depois de cansados de sofrer os males ao extremo, sentem-se levados a remediar as desordens que os oprimem e reconhecer as mais palpáveis verdades; as quais, precisamente por sua própria simplicidade, escapam às mentes vulgares, não afeitas a analisar os assuntos, mas a receber suas impressões de um só golpe, mais por tradição do que por exame.
Abramos a História e veremos que as leis, que são ou deveriam ser pactos entre homens livres, não
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têm sido, em geral, mais do que o instrumento das paixões de poucos, ou que nasceram de uma necessidade fortuita e passageira; não têm sido ditadas por um frio observador da natureza humana, que concentrasse num só ponto as ações da multidão de homens e as considerasse deste ponto de vista: “a máxima felicidade repartida por um maior número”. Felizes aquelas pouquíssimas nações que não esperaram que o lento movimento das combinações e vicissitudes humanas fizesse suceder aos males extremos um encaminhamento para o bem, e que apressaram as etapas intermediárias com boas leis; e merece a gratidão dos homens o filósofo que teve a coragem, do seu gabinete obscuro e desprezado, de lançar à multidão as primeiras sementes das verdades úteis, por muito tempo infrutíferas.
Conhecem-se as verdadeiras relações entre o soberano e os súditos, e entre as diversas nações; animou-se o comércio à vista das verdades filosóficas divulgadas pela imprensa e acendeu-se entre as nações uma silenciosa guerra de atividade, a mais humana e digna de homens razoáveis. São frutos que se devem à luz deste século; mas poucos examinaram e combateram a crueldade das penas e a irregularidade dos procedimentos criminais, parte principal da legislação e tão descuidada em quase toda a Europa; pouquíssimos foram os que, remontando-se aos
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princípios gerais, invalidaram os erros acumulados por séculos, freiando, ao menos, apenas com a força que têm as verdades conhecidas, o curso demasiado livre do...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Dos delitos e das penas
- Advertência
- Dos Delitos e das Penas
- O Autor a Quem Ler
- Introdução
- Origem das Penas. Direito de Punir
- Consequências
- Da Interpretação das Leis
- Obscuridade das Leis
- Da Prisão
- Indícios e Formas de Juízos
- Das Testemunhas
- Acusações Secretas
- Perguntas Capciosas. Depoimentos
- Dos Juramentos
- Da Tortura
- Processos e Prescrição
- Tentativas, Cúmplices, Impunidade
- Da Suavidade das Penas
- A Pena de Morte
- Do Banimento e das Confiscações
- Da Desonra
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- Da Certeza e Infalibilidade das Penas. Indulto
- Dos Asilos
- Do Uso de pôr a Cabeça a Prêmio
- Da Proporção entre os Crimes e as Penas
- Medida dos Crimes
- Divisão dos Crimes
- Crimes de Lesa-Majestade
- Crimes contra a Segurança do Particular, Violências
- Injúrias
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- Falsas Ideias de Utilidade
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