Revisão da base de cálculo do adicional de insalubridade pode onerar ainda mais os empregadores.
Autor | Fábio de Freitas Nascimento . Eduardo Lage |
Ocupação do Autor | Sócio e estagiário de Do Val, Pereira de Almeida, Sitzer e Gregolin advogados. |
Páginas | #3 |
Dentre as questões que passaram da esfera infra-constitucional para a garantia constitucional está o trabalho em condições insalubres.
A insalubridade é regulada por normas técnicas constantes da Portaria nº 3214/78, do Ministério do Trabalho, as chamadas "NR’s" (Normas Regulamentadoras) e que norteiam as condições de ambiente de trabalho.
Quando o ambiente de trabalho não está adequado às NR’s, o empregador é obrigado a pagar o adicional de insalubridade, em alíquotas que variam em 10%, 20% ou 40%, calculado sobre o salário mínimo vigente, conforme determinação da Súmula 228, editada pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST) em 2003.
Considera-se meio ambiente do trabalho insalubre aquele onde as atividades (ou operações) nele praticadas, exponham os trabalhadores, de forma permanente, a agentes nocivos à saúde, acima dos níveis máximos regulamentados e tolerados pelo Ministério do Trabalho, em razão da natureza e da intensidade do agente e do tempo de exposição aos seus efeitos.
Entende-se por exposição permanente, a exposição diária dos empregados aos agentes nocivos à sua saúde, independentemente do tempo a eles expostos. Tais agentes são classificados em químicos, físicos e biológicos.
Ao Ministério do Trabalho compete regular acerca do assunto, elaborando e aprovando o quadro de atividades e operações insalubres, para o qual adotará normas sobre os critérios de caracterização da insalubridade, os limites de tolerância aos agentes nocivos, meios de proteção e o tempo máximo de exposição do empregado a esses agentes.
A insalubridade do ambiente de trabalho será caracterizada através de perícia a cargo de Médico do Trabalho e/ou Engenheiro do Trabalho, registrados no Ministério do Trabalho, conforme determina o artigo 194, da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), podendo ser classificada em insalubridade de grau mínimo (10%), médio (20%) ou máximo (40%).
Esse adicional difere de outro, denominado adicional de periculosidade cujo percentual é de 30% sobre o salário base do empregado (Súmula 191, do TST), que envolve percentual incidente sobre o salário efetivo do trabalhador, porque se refere a trabalho com risco de morte, a exemplo de trabalho com explosivos, combustíveis, elétricos e afins.
No entanto, diante de reiteradas decisões advindas do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), órgão máximo do Poder Judiciário, vislumbra-se a possibilidade do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST), rever a interpretação da Súmula 228, alterando a base de...
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