Impeachment no STF - O olhar dos ministros sobre o caso Collor
Autor | Pedro Cantisano |
Páginas | 351-353 |
Page 351
O que é o processo de impeachment? Qual o papel do Supremo nesse processo? Formalmente, a Constituição de 1988 e a Lei nº 1.079 de 1950 indicam que é um julgamento por crimes de responsabilidade, presidido pelo presidente do Supremo e decidido pelos senadores. Na prática, as respostas foram construídas entre 1992 e 1993, quando uma crise colocou à prova a ordem institucional de 1988. Os fatos são conhecidos: o processo de impeachment foi instaurado, Collor foi afastado da presidência e, em meio ao julgamento, renunciou. Hoje, graças ao projeto de História Oral do Supremo, da Fundação Getulio Vargas, podemos compreender o impeachment a partir do olhar dos próprios ministros que participaram do processo.
Presidente do Supremo na época, Sidney Sanches presidiu o processo no Senado. Segundo o ministro, nada o ocupou, preocupou e tornou tão famoso quanto o impeachment. Por motivos claros: "[E]u ia presidir um foro político para julgar um crime político praticado por um cidadão político e que ia ser julgado por políticos". Magistrado de carreira, Sanches parecia estranhar a balbúrdia política. Chegou a duvidar das próprias capacidades de operar naquele meio quando, logo após o processo, foi convidado a ser candidato. "Na política é terrível. Ali é uma briga de faca", airma o ministro.
Para Sanches, seu papel era o de um diretor apartidário, isento e neutro. A Constituição e a Lei eram o roteiro a ser seguido. No entanto, o roteiro não era dado, mas interpretado. Antes de o processo começar, em uma sessão administrativa, os ministros do Supremo adaptaram o roteiro legislativo de 1950 aos mandamentos constitucionais de 1988.
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Entenderam que a Câmara não tinha mais o poder de processar, apenas de autorizar a instauração do processo.
Os senadores, por sua vez, eram juízes. Juízes políticos, partidários. Cabia a eles decidir, no mérito, se Collor era culpado dos crimes de responsabilidade, se deveria ser punido com a perda do mandato, além de 8 anos de inelegibilidade. O mérito do impeachment seria, portanto, tão político quanto os juízes-senadores. Segundo Sanches, "Qualquer presidente que não tiver apoio no Congresso corre esse risco".
Enquanto o processo corria no Senado e Sanches exercia seu papel ativo de presidente, os outros ministros do Supremo se mantinham inertes. Foram forçados a entrar em cena pelos advogados de defesa, que impetraram mandados de segurança contra violações processuais, como falta de intimação no prazo...
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