Dos diversos sistemas de legislação
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 93-95 |
Page 93
Se se indaga em que consiste precisamente o maior bem de todos, o qual deve ser o objetivo de todo o sistema da legislação, verificar-se-á que se reduz a estes dois objetos principais: a “liberdade” e a “igualdade”. A liberdade, porque toda a dependência particular é outra tanta força tirada do corpo do Estado; a igualdade, porque a liberdade não pode subsistir sem ela.
Já demonstrei o que seja a liberdade civil; em relação à igualdade, só é preciso entender por esta palavra os graus de poder e de riqueza que sejam absolutamente os mesmos, mas que, quanto ao poder, estejam abaixo de toda violência e que se exerçam em virtude da classe e das leis, e, quanto à riqueza, para que nenhum cidadão seja assaz opulento para que possa comprar um outro, e que ninguém seja assaz pobre para que seja obrigado a vender-se; o que faz supor,
Page 94
do lado dos grandes, moderação de bens e de crédito, e da parte dos pequenos, moderação na avareza e na cobiça12.
Esta igualdade, segundo dizem, é uma quimera de especulação que não pode existir na prática. Mas se o abuso é inevitável, segue-se que não se deve ao menos regulamentá-lo? É precisamente porque a força das coisas sempre tende a destruir a igualdade que a força da legislação deve sempre inclinar-se a conservá-la.
Mas esses objetivos gerais de toda boa instituição devem ser modificados, em cada país, pelas relações que nascem tanto da situação local como do caráter dos habitantes, e é com base nessas relações que se deve destinar a cada povo um sistema particular de instituição que seja o melhor, talvez não em si mesmo, mas sim para o Estado, para o qual é destinado. Por exemplo: é o solo ingrato e estéril, ou o país é muito pequeno para os habitantes? Voltai-vos para o lado da indústria e das artes, cujos produtos trocareis pelos gêneros que vos faltam13. Ao contrário, ocupai-vos das planícies ricas e das férteis encostas? Num bom terreno, tendes falta de habitantes? Dai todo o vosso
Page 95
cuidado à agricultura, que multiplica os homens, e afastai as artes que só acabariam por despovoar o país, agrupando em alguns pontos do território os poucos habitantes que possui. Ocupai-vos das extensas e cômodas praias? Cobri o mar de navios, cultivai o comércio e a navegação; tereis uma existência brilhante e curta. O mar só banha em vossas costas rochedos quase inacessíveis? Continuai bárbaros e ictiófagos; vivereis assim mais tranquilos, talvez melhores, e certamente mais felizes. Numa palavra...
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