Dos deputados ou representantes
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 159-163 |
Page 159
Logo que o serviço cessa de ser a principal ocupação dos cidadãos, e que eles preferem mais servir-se com a bolsa do que com sua pessoa, o Estado já está próximo de sua ruína. É preciso ir à luta? Pagam tropas e ficam em casa. É preciso ir ao conselho? Nomeiam deputados e permanecem em suas casas. À força de preguiça e dinheiro, conseguem, enfim, soldados para servir a pátria e representantes que as vendam.
É o desbaratamento do comércio e das artes, é o ávido interesse do ganho, é a moleza e o amor às comodidades que trocam os serviços pessoais em dinheiro. Cede-se uma parte do próprio lucro para aumentá-lo à sua vontade. Dai dinheiro e em breve tereis grilhões. A palavra “Finance” é uma palavra de escravidão, desconhecida na cidade. Num Estado que seja verdadeiramente livre, os cidadãos tudo fazem com seus braços e nada com dinheiro. Em lugar de pagar para eximir-se de seus deveres, pagariam para eles mesmos cumpri-los. Estou muito distante
Page 160
das ideias comuns; considero as corveias menos contrárias à liberdade do que as taxas.
Quanto melhor constituído estiver o Estado, mais influem no espírito dos cidadãos os negócios públicos sobre os privados, porque, fornecendo a soma da felicidade comum uma porção maior a de cada indivíduo, menos lhe resta a procurar em seus cuidados particulares. Numa cidade bem dirigida, todos correm às assembleias; sob um mau governo, ninguém aprecia dar um passo para isso, porque ninguém se interessa pelo que se faz aí, prevendo que a vontade geral não prevalecerá e que os cuidados domésticos tudo absorverão. As boas leis fazem outras melhores, as más conduzem as piores. Tão logo alguém diga dos negócios do Estado: “Que me importa? Deve-se admitir que o Estado está perdido”.
O enfraquecimento do amor da pátria, a atividade do interesse privado, a imensidade dos Estados, as conquistas e o abuso do governo fizeram imaginar a conduta dos deputados ou representantes do povo nas assembleias da nação. Logo que o interesse particular de duas espécies é posto em primeiro e em segundo plano, o interesse público coloca-se no terceiro.
A soberania não pode ser representada, pela mesma razão que não pode ser alienada; ela consiste essencialmente na vontade geral e a vontade não se representa: ou é a mesma, ou é outra; não há meio-termo. Os deputados do povo não são, pois, nem podem ser seus representantes; são apenas seus comissários e nada podem concluir em definitivo. É nula toda a lei que o povo não...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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