Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 107-110 |
Page 107
É preciso distinguir aqui, a fim de expor a causa geral dessas diferenças, o príncipe e o governo, como já distingui antes o Estado do soberano.
O corpo do magistrado pode ser composto de um maior ou menor número de membros. Dissemos que a relação do soberano com os súditos era tanto maior quanto mais numeroso era o povo, e, por meio de uma evidente analogia, podemos dizer o mesmo do governo em relação aos magistrados.
Ora, porque a força total do governo é sempre a do Estado, nunca varia: de onde resulta que quanto mais se use essa força sobre seus próprios membros, menos lhe sobra para atuar sobre todo o povo.
Portanto, quanto maior for o número de magistrados, tanto mais fraco será o governo. Como esta máxima é fundamental, tratemos de melhor esclarecê-la.
Podemos distinguir três vontades essencialmente diversas na pessoa do magistrado. Primeiramente, a vonta-
Page 108
de própria do indivíduo, que só se orienta para a própria vantagem; em seguida, a vontade comum dos magistrados, que diz unicamente com a vantagem do príncipe, e que se pode denominar vontade do corpo, que é geral em relação ao governo, e particular quanto ao Estado, de cujo governo faz parte; em terceiro lugar, a vontade do povo ou a vontade soberana, que é geral, tanto em relação ao Estado considerado como o todo, como relativamente ao governo considerado como parte do todo.
Numa legislação perfeita, deve ser nula a vontade particular ou individual, a vontade do corpo peculiar ao governo muito subordinada, e, em consequência, e sempre dominante e regra única de todas as outras, a vontade geral ou soberana.
Segundo a ordem natural, ao contrário, essas diferentes vontades se tornam mais ativas à medida que se concentram. Assim, a vontade geral é sempre a mais fraca, a vontade do corpo tem a segunda categoria, e a vontade particular a primeira de todas; de sorte que cada membro, no governo, é, antes do mais, ele próprio, e, a seguir, magistrado, e depois cidadão. É uma graduação diretamente oposta à que a ordem social exige.
Isto posto, é necessário que todo governo fique nas mãos de um só homem. Eis reunidas perfeitamente a vontade particular e a vontade do corpo, e, por conseguinte, estão no mais alto grau de intensidade que possa haver. Ora, como o uso da força depende do grau da vontade, e como a força absoluta do governo nunca varia, segue-se que o mais ativo dos governos é o de um só.
Page 109
Ao contrário, unamos o governo à autoridade legislativa...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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