Do governo em geral
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 99-106 |
Page 99
Advirto o leitor de que este Capítulo deve ser lido pausadamente, e que desconheço a arte de tornar-me claro a quem não queira ser atento.
Toda ação livre tem duas causas que concorrem para sua produção: uma, moral, isto é, a vontade que determina o ato, e a outra, física, isto é, o poder que a executa. Quando caminho para um objeto, é necessário, primeiramente, que eu deseje dirigir-me para ele; em segundo lugar, que meus pés para lá me conduzam. Permanecerão no lugar tanto o paralítico que queira correr, como o homem ágil que o não deseje. O corpo político tem idênticos móbeis; nele se distinguem igualmente a força e a vontade, esta com a denominação de “Poder Legislativo”, e a outra sob o nome de “Poder Executivo”. Nada é feito ou não é feito sem seu concurso.
Page 100
Vimos que o Poder Legislativo pertence ao povo, e só a ele pode pertencer. É fácil ver o oposto por meio dos princípios antes expostos: o Poder Executivo não pode pertencer à maioria como atividade legisladora ou soberana, porque este Poder consiste apenas em atos particulares que não são absolutamente a jurisdição da lei, nem, por isso mesmo, do soberano, cujos atos só podem ser leis.
É necessário, assim, à força pública um agente próprio que a reúna e a ponha em ação segundo as direções da vontade geral, que se preste à comunicação do Estado e do soberano, que, de qualquer modo, produza na pessoa pública o que resulta para o homem da união da alma e do corpo. Eis qual é, no Estado, a razão do governo, erroneamente confundido com o soberano, que é apenas o ministro.
Portanto, que é governo? Um corpo intermediário estabelecido entre os súditos e o soberano, para assegurar a sua mútua correspondência, incumbido da execução das leis e da manutenção da liberdade, tanto civil como política.
Os membros deste corpo denominam-se magistrados ou “reis”, isto é, “governadores”, e todo o corpo tem o nome de “príncipe”1. Assim têm muita razão os que pretendem que não é um contrato o ato pelo qual um povo se submete a um chefe. É somente uma comissão, um emprego no qual, como simples oficiais do soberano, em seu nome exercem o poder de que os fez depositários e que ele pode limitar, modificar e retomar quando lhe aprouver,
Page 101
por ser a alienação de tal direito incompatível com a natureza do corpo social, e contrária ao objetivo da associação.
Portanto, denomino “governo” ou suprema administração o exercício legítimo do Poder Executivo, e príncipe ou magistrado, o...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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