Do domínio autoritário militar para a democracia constitucional: uma visão geral das políticas de direitos humanos através da redemocratização brasileira
| Autor | Ulisses Terto Neto |
| Cargo | Advogado e Pesquisador do Centro para Estudos de Cidadania, Sociedade Civil e Estado Democrático de Direito (CISRUL, University of Aberdeen, UK). Doutor em Direito (University of Aberdeen, UK), com bolsa da CAPES, Mestre em Políticas Publicas (UFMA, Brasil), com bolsa do CNPq. |
| Páginas | 215-252 |
Rev. direitos fundam. democ., v. 22, n. 3, p. 215-252, set./dez. 2017.
DOI: 10.25192/issn.1982-0496.rdfd.v22i3832
ISSN 1982-0496
Licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons
DO DOMÍNIO AUTORITÁRIO MILITAR PARA A DEMOCRACIA
CONSTITUCIONAL: UMA VISÃO GERAL DAS POLÍTICAS DE DIREITOS
HUMANOS ATRAVÉS DA REDEMOCRATIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA
FROM MILITARY AUTHORITARIAN RULE TO CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY:
AN OVERVIEW OF THE POLITICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE
BRAZILIAN RE-DEMOCRATISATION
Ulisses Terto Neto
Advogado e Pesquisador do Centro para Estudos de Cidadania, Sociedade Civil e Estado
Democrático de Direito (CISRUL, University of Aberdeen, UK). Doutor em Direito (University of
Aberdeen, UK), com bolsa da CAPES, Mestre em Políticas Publicas (UFMA, Brasil), com bolsa do
CNPq.
Resumo
O presente artigo, resultado de investigações e discussões teóricas
realizadas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito e no Centro
para Cidadania, Sociedade Civil e Estado Democrático de Direito
(CISRUL) da Universidade de Aberdeen no Reino Unido, tem como
escopo principal analisar o processo histórico e sócio-político
brasileiro de transformações de direitos humanos durante a saída do
país do domínio autoritário militar e sua chegada à democracia
constitucional, sob a perspectiva da teoria do modelo espiral de
mudança de direitos humanos (spiral model) desenvolvida por Risse,
Ropp and Sikkink (2013; 1999). Além disso, com base no conceito de
autoritarismo social desenvolvido por Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998;
1993), o artigo explica porque apesar de o Brasil ter se transformado
em uma democracia constitucional, há ainda um cenário generalizado
de violações de direitos humanos no país. Por fim, o artigo argui pela
necessidade de se mudar as bases materiais da sociedade brasileira,
de forma a possibilitar a construção de um novo projeto de sociedade,
mais igualitária e na qual haja a efetivação dos direitos humanos.
Palavras-chave: Direitos Humanos; Democracia; Teoria de
Mudança de Direitos Humanos em Espiral (Spiral Model);
Autoritarismo Social.
Abstract
The paper, the result of research and theoretical discussions in the
Postgraduate Program in Law and the Centre for Citizenship, Civil
Society and Rule of Law (CISRUL) of the University of Aberdeen in
the UK, has as main purpose to analyse the Brazilian historical and
socio-political process of human rights developments during the
ULISSES TERTO NETO
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output of the country's military authoritarian rule and its arrival at a
constitutional democracy from the perspective of the spiral model of
human rights change theory developed by Risse, Ropp and Sikkink
(2013; 1999). In addition, based on the concept of social
authoritarianism developed by Dagnino (2014; 2000; 1998; 1993), the
paper explains why even though Brazil has been transformed into a
constitutional democracy, there is still a widespread scenario of
human rights violations. Finally, the paper let us reason together by
the need to change the material basis of Brazilian society, in order to
enable the construction of a new project of society, more egalitarian
and where there is the realization of human rights.
Key-words: Human Rights; Democracy; Spiral Model of Human
Rights Change. Social Authoritarianism
1. INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS
This paper provides an overview of the politics of human rights (hereafter HR)
through three periods in Brazil’s recent history: authoritarian rule, transition and
democracy. Such a historical approach helps us understand why despite Brazil having
become a constitutional democracy, there is still a generalised scenario of HR
violations nationwide. In this regard, the paper draws on theoretical approaches to
comprehending HR change in Brazil. More specifically, the analysis relies on the spiral
model of HR change developed by Risse, Ropp and Sikkink (2013 and 1999) but it
also indicates the limits of the model in explaining Brazil’s current complexities.
The study explores the political, economic and socio-cultural context of the
Brazilian transition to democracy, and asks questions about the social and political
structures that have hindered HR development. The analysis proceeds from the
assumption that violence and inequality are structural problems that directly influence
“the way international HR norms are observed in contemporary Brazil” (PICQ, 2004, p.
77). Thus, to understand contemporary Brazil, particularly the reception and influence
of international and regional HR law into the legal system and their impact on its
internal politics, it is necessary to consider determining factors that point to the
undercurrents of social and political development in the country (PICQ, 2004).
The reconstruction of this historical trajectory under the theoretical framework
of the spiral model helps trace the path towards democracy, the improvement of HR
conditions and social justice. The second section presents the spiral model of HR
change, and explains its usefulness for this study. The third section approaches
structural problems such as violence and inequality as constants in Brazilian history.
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The fourth section analyses the socio-political and economic context in authoritarian
Brazil (1964-1985) and places the country within the theoretical framework of the spiral
model. The fifth section assesses whether continuity or discontinuity with the
authoritarian structures of the dictatorship prevailed in transitional Brazil (1985-1990),
and locates the country within the spiral model. The sixth section examines whether
the structures inherited from the dictatorship changed since the Brazilian transition to
democracy (1990-2010) in order to clarify some of Brazil’s current contradictions. It
also positions the country within the spiral model framework. The seventh section
identifies the problem(s) that prevent further HR progress and explains why Brazil has
not yet reached phase 5 of the spiral model.
2. THE SPIRAL MODEL OF HUMAN RIGHTS CHANGE
In order to assess HR change in Brazil, a transitional theory is a useful starting
point. This section presents the spiral model of HR change developed by Risse, Ropp,
and Sikkink (1999 and 2013) as such a theory, and applies it to the Brazilian case. Its
primary attraction in this context is that it draws on Latin American studies regarding the
impact of international HR norms on domestic structural change.
1 It has already been
applied to Latin American case studies such as Chile and Guatemala (ROPP and
SIKKINK, 1999, p. 172-204).
Two concepts are particularly important for comprehending the spiral model.
First, the so-called “boomerang effect” which was first described by Keck and Sikkink
(1998), and that refers to a situation in which social agents (viz. civil society
organisations and social movements) that are under oppression in a repressive state
seek international support from international organisations and HR mechanisms. They
put pressure on the authoritarian state with a view to bringing about political change.
They usually circumvent the state and directly reach out to transnational advocacy
networks (TAN) and UN and OAS HR mechanisms in order for the latter to exert
pressure on the state from above (outside). The financial assistance and political
support coming from these international networks increases the power of domestic
opposition, organised civil society and social movements to exert pressure on the
national government from below (inside). International and domestic pressures
1 Such as Brysk (1993); Sikkink (1993); and Osiel (1986). See also Brysk (2013, 2009, 2005, 2002,
2000 and 1994); and Sikkink (2011 and 2004).
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