Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 143-147 |
Page 143
Assim como a vontade particular atua incessantemente contra a vontade geral, também o governo faz um contínuo esforço contra a soberania. Quanto mais aumenta esse esforço, mais se modifica a constituição, e como não há aí outra vontade do corpo que, resistindo à do príncipe, mantenha equilíbrio com ela, cedo ou tarde acontecerá que o príncipe oprima enfim a soberania e rompa com o tratado social. Há nisso um vício inerente e inevitável que, desde o nascimento do corpo político, procura, sem descanso, destruí-lo, assim como a velhice e a morte destroem o corpo do homem.
Há dois caminhos gerais pelos quais um governo se degenera, a saber: quando se concentra, ou quando o Estado se dissolve.
Page 144
O governo se concentra quando passa do grande número ao pequeno, isto é, da democracia à aristocracia, e da aristocracia à realeza. É seu pendor natural7. Se ele re-
Page 145
trocedesse do pequeno número para o grande, poder-se-ia dizer que ele se debilita, mas é impossível essa progressão inversa.
Com efeito, jamais o governo muda de forma a não ser quando sua alçada o deixa muito enfraquecido para conservar a que lhe é própria. Ora, se ele se debilita ao estender-se, sua força tornar-se-ia inteiramente nula, e subsistiria ainda menos. É preciso, pois, remontar e apertar a mola à medida que cede, de outro modo cairá em ruína o Estado que ela sustenta.
A dissolução do Estado pode acontecer de duas maneiras.
Primeiramente, quando o príncipe não mais administra o Estado de acordo com as leis e usurpa o poder soberano. Faz-se então uma notável mudança; não o governo, mas o Estado é que se concentra; quero significar que o Estado grande se dissolve, resultando dele um outro, composto unicamente de membros do governo, e não é
Page 146
mais para o resto do povo do que seu senhor e tirano. De maneira que, no momento em que o governo usurpa a soberania, rompe-se o pacto social, e todos os simples cidadãos, reingressando por direito à sua liberdade natural, são forçados mas não obrigados a obedecer.
O mesmo também acontece quando os membros do governo usurpam, separadamente, o poder que só devem exercer em conjunto; o que não constitui menor infração das leis e produz ainda uma desordem maior. Tem-se, então, por assim dizer, tantos príncipes quantos magistrados, e o Estado, não estando menos dividido do que o governo, perece ou muda de forma.
Quando o Estado se dissolve, qualquer que seja o abuso do governo toma o nome comum de “anarquia”...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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