O direito de resposta no (e além do) Supremo
Autor | Luiz Fernando Marrey Moncau |
Páginas | 339-341 |
Page 339
A pedido da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB), o ministro Dias Toffoli suspendeu em liminar o artigo 10 da Lei 13.188 de 2015, que regula o exercício do direito de resposta. Já era esperado que essa lei gerasse debates constitucionais. A decisão de Toffoli e o conjunto de ações movidas contra ela já sugerem o principal ponto de contestação no Supremo daqui em diante: o rito estabelecido pela lei para efetivação do direito de resposta.
Tudo começa com a decisão da ADPF 130, em 2009, na qual o Supremo declarou inconstitucional a Lei de Imprensa e, com isso, eliminou também a regulação infraconstitucional do direito de resposta. O que fazer diante desse vácuo?
Na verdade nem todos viam ali um vácuo. Na ocasião, Ayres Britto airmou que a previsão desse direito na Constituição era "norma de eicácia plena e imediata". O ministro Gilmar Mendes discordou, airmando que "o direito de resposta é assegurado no plano constitucional, mas necessita no plano infraconstitucional de normas de organização e procedimento para tornar possível seu exercício". Em decisão de 2015, o ministro relator Celso de Mello deu razão a ambos - em parte. Apontou que o instituto poderia ser aplicado independentemente de legislação adicional, ainda que a edição de diploma legislativo pudesse "revelar-se útil e, até mesmo, conveniente".
No Brasil, a maioria das ações que tratam de ofensas à honra não busca um espaço de resposta para o ofendido, mas uma indenização em dinheiro pelo agravo sofrido. Nada agregam ao debate público.
Page 340
Parte do encanto do direito de resposta está justamente em subverter esta lógica, animando um dos fundamentos da liberdade de expressão: a ideia de que, a partir de um livre debate, com igualdade de espaço e de oportunidades para cada um veicular suas razões, a verdade e os melhores argumentos podem prevalecer.
Mas a falta de regulamentação vinha tendo consequências. Até a aprovação da Lei 13.188, a obtenção de espaços nos veículos de comunicação estava condicionada, na maior parte das vezes, a um longo processo judicial. A partir de agora, estará condicionada a um procedimento sub judice. Mas é esse procedimento mesmo que é questionado no Supremo, em três ADIs diferentes.
A OAB contestou o artigo 10. Segundo esse artigo, se uma decisão em primeira instância obrigar a veiculação de uma resposta, o veículo de comunicação afetado só poderia suspender a decisão recorrendo a um órgão colegiado. A OAB apontou que o rito inviabilizaria...
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