Declaração de incompetência
Autor | Manoel Antonio Teixeira Filho |
Páginas | 103-104 |
Page 103
A maneira pela qual o juiz será levado a declarar a sua incompetência variará conforme de cuide de incompetência relativa ou absoluta.
Incompetência relativa. Concerne ao território e ao valor. Deve ser arguida por meio de exceção (CLT, art. 799), que constitui uma (e a primeira, em ordem lógica) das formas de resposta do réu. Em que pese ao fato de, em princípio, possuir legitimidade para formulá-la o réu, há situações - raríssimas, é verdade - em que o próprio autor estará legitimado para isso. Digamos que os autos tenham vindo da Justiça Comum para a do Trabalho, em decorrência de esta haver sido declarada competente para apreciar a causa; se os autos, na Justiça do Trabalho, forem distribuídos a juízo incompetente em razão do território, será perfeitamente possível ao próprio autor arguir-lhe a incompetência, seja sob a forma de exceção ou de petição informal. Negar-lhe legitimidade e interesse seria constrangê-lo a ver a causa processada por juízo incompetente - sendo oportuno lembrar que, em se tratando de incompetência relativa, como é o caso, o juiz não a pode conhecer por sua iniciativa. Nem mesmo o Ministério Público terá legitimidade para alegá-la.
Se a parte deixar de oferecer exceção de incompetência, esta se desloca para o juízo incompetente, no qual a ação foi ajuizada. O art. 65, do CPC, alude à prorrogação da competência, neste caso. Parece-nos mais adequado à técnica cogitar-se, na espécie, de deslocamento da competência, pois o verbo prorrogar induz à noção de prolongar, de dilatar, fenómeno que, a nosso ver, não ocorre quando o réu deixa de arguir a incompetência relativa do órgão jurisdicional. Esse silêncio da parte faz com a competência, que, em princípio, era de uma das Varas do Trabalho, se transfira, se desloque para outra.
Incompetência absoluta. Como ficou demonstrado, se refere à matéria, à pessoa e à funcional (hierarquia). O momento processual apropriado para o réu alegá-la será o da contestação, como preliminar (CPC, art. 337, II). Todavia, como a incompetência absoluta é de ordem pública (Constituição Federal, art. 5º, LIII), inexistirá preclusão, motivo por que poderá ser alegada a qualquer tempo, pela parte interessada ou...
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