Das Provas
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 61-69 |
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O encargo do processo penal está em saber se o imputado é inocente ou culpado. Isto quer dizer, ante tudo, se aconteceu ou não aconteceu um determinado fato: um homem foi ou não foi morto, uma mulher foi ou não foi violentada, um documento foi ou não foi falsificado, uma joia foi ou não roubada?
Seria necessário saber, antes de tudo, o que é um fato. São palavras que se empregam intuitivamente; compreendem-se elas de maneira aproximada, mas é necessário que nos detenhamos a refletir sobre elas. Um fato é um pedaço de história; e a história é o caminho que percorrem, desde o nascimento até a morte,
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os homens e a humanidade. Um pedaço de caminho, pois. Mas de caminho que se fez, não de caminho que se pode fazer. Saber se um fato ocorreu ou não quer dizer voltar atrás. Este voltar atrás é o que se chama fazer a história.
Não é um mistério que no processo, e não somente no processo penal, se faz história. Digo: não é um mistério para os juristas, os quais desde há muito tempo puseram nele sua atenção; mas pode surpreender o público em geral, ao qual meu discurso está dirigido. Isto ocorre porque estamos habituados a examinar a história dos povos, que é a grande história; mas existe também a pequena história, a história dos indivíduos; inclusive não existiria aquela sem esta, de igual maneira que não existiria a corda sem os fios que nela estão enrolados. Quando se fala de história, o pensamento volta para as dificuldades que se apresentam para reconstruir o passado; mas são, se se tem em conta a medida, as mesmas dificuldades que se devem superar no processo.
Com isto de pior: o delito é um pedaço do caminho, do qual quem o percorreu trata de destruir as pegadas. Sucede o contrário do que ocorre, normalmente, quanto ao contrato: quando um compra, e ainda mais
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se a coisa tem valor importante, conserva, em geral mediante um documento, a prova de ter comprado; quando rouba, destrói, o melhor que pode, as provas de ter roubado.
As provas servem, precisamente, para voltar atrás, ou seja, para fazer ou, melhor ainda, para reconstruir a história. Como faz quem, tendo caminhado por meio dos campos, quer percorrer em sentido contrário o mesmo caminho? Segue as pegadas de seu passo. Vem à mente a figura do cachorro policial, o qual vai fare-jando aqui e ali para seguir, por meio do olfato, o caminho do malfeitor perseguido. O trabalho do historiador é este. Um trabalho de habilidade e paciência, sobretudo, no que colaboram a...
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