Da monarquia
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 121-128 |
Page 121
Consideramos o príncipe, até aqui, como uma pessoa moral e coletiva, ligada pela força das leis e depositária do Poder Executivo do Estado. Temos de considerar agora esse poder reunido nas mãos de uma pessoa natural, de um homem real, único investido no direito de dispor dele segundo as leis. É o que se denomina um monarca, ou um rei. Muito ao contrário de outras administrações, em que um ente coletivo representa um indivíduo, nesta, um indivíduo representa um ser coletivo; de modo que a autoridade moral, que faz o príncipe e, ao mesmo tempo, uma unidade física, em que se encontram naturalmente reunidas todas as faculdades que a lei reuniu na outra, com tanto esforço.
Também a vontade do povo, a vontade do príncipe, a força pública do Estado e a força particular do governo respondem tudo ao mesmo móvel, todas as molas da máquina se encontram na mesma mão, caminha tudo para o mesmo fim, e absolutamente não há movimentos contrários que se destruam entre si, e não se pode imaginar nenhuma espécie de constituição em que um esforço menor
Page 122
produza uma ação mais considerável. Arquimedes, sentado tranquilamente na praia, fazendo singrar sem dificuldade um grande navio, afigura-se-me um monarca hábil que governa de seu gabinete seus vastos Estados, e faz com que tudo se mova dando a impressão de que está imóvel.
Mas se não há governo que seja mais rigoroso, também não há aquele em que a vontade particular seja mais respeitada e domine as outras mais facilmente; tudo marcha para o mesmo fim, é a verdade; mas esse fim não é, em absoluto, o da felicidade pública, e a própria força da administração gira incessantemente em prejuízo do Estado.
Os reis querem ser absolutos e, a distância, lhes gritam que o melhor meio de o conseguirem é fazendo-se amar por seus povos. É muito bonita essa máxima, e mesmo muito verídica sob certos aspectos. Infelizmente, sempre rirão disso nas cortes. É, sem dúvida, maior o poder que se origina do amor dos povos, mas é precário e condicional; os príncipes jamais se contentarão com ele. Os melhores reis desejam ser maus, quando lhes apeteça, sem deixar de serem senhores. Por mais que um orador político lhes diga que é sua própria a força do povo, seu interesse está em que o povo seja próspero, numeroso e temível: sabem muito que isso não é verdade. É seu interesse pessoal, primeiramente, que o povo seja fraco, miserável, e que jamais possa opor-lhe resistência. Confesso que, por supor que os súditos são sempre perfeitamente submissos, o interesse do príncipe seria então que o povo fosse poderoso, a fim de que, sendo seu esse poder, o fizesse temido de seus vizinhos; mas como esse interesse é apenas secun-
Page 123
dário e subordinado, e as duas suposições são...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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