Da democracia
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 113-115 |
Page 113
Sabe melhor do que ninguém o que faz a lei, como deve ela ser executada e interpretada. Parece, pois, que não haveria melhor constituição do que aquela em que o Poder Executivo esteja unido ao Legislativo. Mas é isso mesmo que torna o governo insuficiente sob certos aspectos, porque as coisas que devem ser diferenciadas absolutamente não o são, e se o príncipe e o soberano são a mesma pessoa, formam, por assim dizer, um governo sem governo.
Não é bom que o que faz as leis as execute, nem que o corpo do povo desvie sua atenção dos objetivos gerais, para concentrá-la nos objetivos particulares. Nada é mais perigoso do que a influência dos interesses privados nos negócios públicos, e o abuso das leis pelo governo é um mal menor do que a corrupção do legislador, consequência infalível dos alvos particulares. Então, se modificado em sua substância o Estado, qualquer reforma torna-se impossível. Um povo que não abusasse jamais do governo não abusaria mais da independência; um povo que sempre governasse bem não teria necessi-dade de ser governado.
Page 114
Se se tomar o termo no rigor da acepção, jamais existiu verdadeira democracia, e jamais existirá. É contrário à ordem natural que o grande número governe e que o pequeno seja governado. Não se pode imaginar que o povo fique continuamente reunido para cuidar dos negócios públicos, e vê-se facilmente que não poderia ele estabelecer comissões para isso sem que se mude a forma de administração.
Com efeito, creio poder estabelecer em princípio que sempre que as funções do governo são partilhadas entre muitos tribunais, cedo ou tarde os menos numerosos adquirem maior autoridade; não fossem apenas pela facilidade de resolver os negócios, que a isso naturalmente os leva.
Ademais, quantas coisas difíceis de reunir supõe esse governo? Primeiro, um pequeno Estado, em que seja fácil reunir o povo em que cada cidadão possa facilmente conhecer os demais; em segundo lugar, uma grande simplicidade de costumes, que antecipe uma infinidade de negócios e as discussões espinhosas; segue-se bastante igualdade nas classes e nas riquezas, sem o que a igualdade não subsistiria...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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