Da aristocracia
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 117-119 |
Page 117
Temos aqui duas pessoas morais muito distintas, a saber, o governo e o soberano, e, em consequência, duas vontades gerais, uma em relação a todos os cidadãos, a outra concernente apenas aos membros da administração. Assim, embora o governo possa regular sua polícia interior como lhe convenha, nunca poderá falar ao povo a não ser em nome do soberano, isto é, em nome do próprio povo, o que não se deve jamais esquecer.
As primeiras sociedades governaram-se aristocraticamente. Os chefes das famílias deliberavam entre si sobre os negócios públicos. Os jovens cediam sem dificuldade à autoridade da experiência. Donde os nomes de “padres”, “anciões”, “senado”, “gerontes”. Os selvagens da América setentrional governam-se ainda desse modo em nossos dias, e são muito bem governados.
Porém, à medida que a desigualdade da instituição sobrepujou a desigualdade natural, a riqueza ou o poder foi preferido à idade, e a aristocracia tornou-se eletiva. Enfim, o poder transmitido com os bens do pai aos filhos,
Page 118
criando as famílias patrícias, fez hereditário o governo, e viu-se que houve senadores de vinte anos.
Há, pois, três espécies de aristocracia: natural, eletiva e hereditária. A primeira só convém aos povos simples; a terceira é a pior de todos os governos. A segunda é a melhor: é a aristocracia propriamente dita.
Outra vantagem da distinção dos dois poderes é a da escolha de seus membros; pois, todos os cidadãos, no governo popular, nascem magistrados, mas este os limita a um pequeno número, e eles só por eleição assim se tornam; meio pelo qual a probidade, as luzes, a experiência e todas as outras razões de preferência e de estima pública são outras tantas novas garantias de que se será sabiamente governado.
Ademais, as assembleias se fazem mais comodamente, discutem-se melhor os negócios, faz-se o expediente com mais ordem e diligência, o crédito do Estado é melhor garantido no estrangeiro por veneráveis senadores do que por uma multidão desconhecida ou menosprezada.
Numa palavra, a ordem melhor e mais natural é que os mais sábios governem a multidão, quando se está certo de que a governarão com proveito dela, e não para eles; não é preciso multiplicar em vão as alçadas, nem fazer com vinte mil homens...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Do contrato social. Princípios do direito político
- Livro Terceiro
- Livro Terceiro
- Do governo em geral
- Do princípio que constitui as diversas formas de governo
- Divisão dos governos
- Da democracia
- Da aristocracia
- Da monarquia
- Dos governos mistos
- Nem toda forma de governo é adequada a todos os países
- Dos sinais de um bom governo
- Do abuso do governo e da sua tendência a se degenerar
- Da morte do corpo político
- Como se mantém a autoridade soberana
- Continuação
- Continuação
- Dos deputados ou representantes
- A instituição do governo não é um contrato
- Da instituição do governo
- Meio de prevenir as usurpações do governo
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