Colonialismo italiano na Somália: questões de reparação pelos crimes cometidos
| Autor | Alessandro Bufalini |
| Cargo | Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Viterbo, Itália |
| Páginas | 11-36 |
Colonialismo Italiano na Somália: questões de
reparação pelos crimes cometidos
Italian Colonialism in Somalia: issues of reparation for the crimes committed
Alessandro Bufalini
Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Viterbo – Itália
Abstract: This paper is an attempt to deal with
questions concerning the legal tools provided
for the implementation of the right to reparation
with regard to Italy’s colonial domination
of Somalia. In particular, it first endeavours
to ascertain whether some of the acts of
violence committed by Italy during its colonial
occupation of Somalia might be deemed to be
internationally unlawful at the time they were
perpetrated. It then elaborates upon whether
individuals have a right to reparation and
especially by what means they have, at least
in some cases, implemented their right. A few
remarks will then be dedicated to the peculiar
Italian position on the law of State immunity
in case of serious violations of human rights
and humanitarian law and the impact that this
position might have on the question at issue.
Lastly, it explores some interstate solutions for
repairing colonial crimes.
Keywords: Reparations for Human Rights
Violations. State Immunity. Colonialism.
Resumo: Este artigo discute questões relativas
aos instrumentos jurídicos disponíveis para a im-
plementação do direito à reparação em relação à
dominação colonial italiana da Somália. Em par-
ticular, inicialmente tenta-se identificar se alguns
dos atos de violência cometidos pela Itália duran-
te a ocupação colonial da Somália poderiam ser
considerados como atos ilícitos internacionais
no momento em que foram perpetrados. Passa-
-se então à questão de verificar se indivíduos
possuem um direito à reparação e especialmen-
te por quais meios eles, pelo menos em alguns
casos, implementaram esses direitos. Algumas
observações serão dedicadas à peculiar posição
italiana sobre o direito da Imunidade Estatal em
casos de sérias violações de direitos humanos e
direito humanitário e o impacto que essa posição
pode gerar na questão em análise. Por fim, são
exploradas algumas soluções interestatais para
reparação de crimes coloniais.
Palavras-chave: Reparação por violações de Di-
reitos Humanos. Imunidade Estatal. Colonialismo
Recebido em: 04/07/2017
Revisado em: 24/07/2017
Aprovado em: 30/07/2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2017v38n76p11
12 Seqüência (Florianópolis), n. 76, p. 11-36, ago. 2017
Colonialismo Italiano na Somália: questões de reparação pelos crimes cometidos
1 Introduction
The issue of reparation for crimes committed during the colonial era
raises a number of moral, political and legal problems. As for the latter, some
of the thorniest questions to be solved are related to the amount of time since
the crimes were committed. It might be difficult, for example, to identify the
victims of the violations or their descendants. A point could be made also in
respect of the identification of the duty-bearers of the obligation to repair; in
particular, one could argue that the present generations should not pay for the
wrongs of their ancestors. Equally, a difficult task could be to determine the
law applicable at the time of the facts.
Another set of questions concerns the legal tools provided for the
implementation of the right to reparation as well as the determination
of the amount of reparation due. In fact, it might be arduous to detect
both effective remedies available for individuals affected and instruments
at the State’s disposal to invoke the international responsibility of the
wrongdoer State and enforce the obligations breached. Eventually, one
has to establish the extent and the different forms of reparation, a deed
obviously implying a wide margin of discretion.
This paper is an attempt to deal at least with some of these
reparation issues related to Italy’s colonial domination of Somalia. Before
going into the details of the present case study, however, I would like
to provide, as an introduction, some elements of the ongoing debate on
reparations for colonialism.
Questions of reparation related to historical facts were notoriously
discussed at the United Nations Conference against Racism, Racial
Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, held in Durban in
2001. The idea of the conference sprang out of the General Assembly
resolution 52/111 and in the context of the implementation of the
Programme of Action for the 3rd Decade to Combat Racism and Racial
Discrimination1. The event was originally and mainly conceived to
address a worldwide and, then, current phenomenon. However, the
1 Researcher in International Law, Università degli Studi della Tuscia (Italy).
General Assembly, Resolution 52/111, Third Decade to Combat Racism and
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