Breves Considerações Históricas
Autor | José Jorge Tannus Neto |
Páginas | 23-29 |
Page 23
Antes de adentrarmos pelo tema propriamente dito, necessário se faz analisar, em linhas gerais, o contexto histórico em que foi concebida a Lei nº
1.060/50 recepcionada pela Carta Magna de 1988, em que pesem posições divergentes.
Desde tempos imemoriais, o Estado, em suas variadas expressões e manifestações, se preocupa com o acesso dos desafortunados à Justiça.
Nos povos antigos, já havia previsões de ordem jurídica destinadas à proteção dos pobres, conferindo-lhes benesses para que fizessem valer os seus direitos.
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Em Atenas, por exemplo, eram nomeados, anualmente, dez advogados para defender os pobres1.
Com o cristianismo, o ideal de proteção dos economicamente desfavorecidos se fortaleceu.
A instituição da assistência judiciária, entre os povos antigos, é encontrada, ainda, na Babilônia (Código de Hamurabi) e em Roma e, atualmente, em países como a Alemanha, Áustria, França, Holanda, Inglaterra, Grécia e Portugal2.
No Brasil, o instituto da assistência judiciária encontra-se presente desde as Ordenações Filipinas, sendo expressamente previsto, pela primeira vez, na Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 16 de julho de 1934.
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A Lei 1.060/50 foi editada sob a égide do Código de Processo Civil de 1939 e disciplinou efetivamente, dentre outras regulamentações, normas para a concessão da justiça gratuita, mas não previu expressamente a possibilidade de concessão dos benefícios às pessoas jurídicas.
Certamente, assim fez o legislador ordinário, porque, realmente, não vislumbrou, naquele momento de intensa industrialização e fortalecimento do capitalismo no Brasil, que pessoas jurídicas pudessem encontrar dificuldades de acesso ao Judiciário por não possuírem recursos suficientes para tanto.
Com isso, a doutrina e a jurisprudência caminharam positivamente no sentido de admitir a concessão da benesse às pessoas jurídicas, facilitando-lhes o acesso à Justiça, surgindo, daí, diversas correntes de pensamento que adiante serão mencionadas, como bem retrata Araken de Assis3:
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“Com efeito, também a pessoa jurídica pode-se encontrar na contingência de o atendimento às despesas do processo implicar prejuízo às suas atividades. No regime do Código de 1939, a exclusão das pessoas jurídicas se baseava no fato de que ‘não são miseráveis, no sentido jurídico da expressão’. Mas se evoluiu no sentido de concedê-la às instituições filantrópicas e assistenciais sem fins lucrativos.”
A Constituição Federal...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Benefícios da justiça gratuita
- Apresentação
- Prefácio
- Introdução
- Breves Considerações Históricas
- Justiça Gratuita, Assistência Judiciária Gratuita e Assistência Jurídica
- A Concessão dos Benefícios da Justiça Gratuita às Pessoas Jurídicas sem Fins Lucrativos, Filantrópicas e Congêneres
- A Polêmica no TJSP acerca da Questão
- Recursos Cabíveis contra Decisão de Indeferimento do Benefício
- Do Incidente de Uniformização de Jurisprudência no TJSP
- Considerações Finais
- Referências Bibliográficas
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