Argentina
Autor | Fábio De Souza Lima Nunes |
Páginas | 129-135 |
Page 129
Na década de 1980 e início da década de 1990, diversos fatores contribuíram para a urgência de uma reforma do sistema de seguridade social argentino: grave crise econômica, significativa desvalorização dos benefícios previdenciários em decorrência da hiperinflação e acúmulo de uma gigantesca dívida com os beneficiários do sistema que chegou a corresponder a 4,6% do PIB, exigindo emissão de títulos e utilização de bilhões de pesos oriundos das privatizações.
Na década de 1990 foram realizadas reformas com objetivo de tornar a seguridade social mais sustentável, uniformizando benefícios e administração, além de aumentar a competitividade da economia argentina pela redução dos custos de mão de obra e aumentar a poupança interna pela criação de um modelo que em parte previa a capitalização individual compulsória.
Ocorreu a unificação dos sistemas de previdência, criando-se o Instituto Nacional de Previsión Social – INPS, depois transformado em Administración Nacional de Seguridade Nacional (ANSES). As contribuições para a seguridade social foram unificadas (17% para empregadores e 33% para empregados) e as condições de acesso aos benefícios se tornaram mais rígidas (elevação do número de anos de contribuição mínima).
Page 130
A partir de 1994, (Alvim, 2011):
“A reforma traduziu-se na substituição do antigo sistema previdenciário de repartição por um sistema misto de dois pilares compulsórios e complementares: um pilar básico de repartição, com benefícios definidos, administrado pelo setor público e financiado por contribuições sobre a folha de pagamentos e outros impostos, e um pilar complementar obrigatório, administrado pelo setor privado e em parte pelo setor público, com contribuição definida, configurando um regime de capitalização individual.”
“...O pilar básico responderia por três tipos distintos de benefícios. São eles: a prestação básica universal (PBU) e a prestação compensatória (PC)... Em termos monetários, a PBU é um beneficio equivalente a 2,5 vezes o valor do aporte médio previdenciário obrigatório (AMPO), o que equivalia no momento de sua criação, em março de 1995, a 180 dólares. Para ter direito ao benefício era necessário completar 35 anos de contribuição e ter uma idade mínima de 60 anos no caso das mulheres e 65 anos no caso dos homens.”
O pilar complementar e obrigatório seria custeado pelas contribuições dos empregados e, a partir de 1995, só poderiam ser geridas pelas Administradoras de Fondos de Pension y Jubilación (AFJP), de acordo com a livre escolha do contribuinte. Já o pilar básico seria custeado pelas contribuições dos empregadores.
Foram criadas 25 AFJPs, sendo permitida a portabilidade entre elas. Consistiam em empresas de direito privado, escolhidas pelos trabalhadores...
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