9. A aproximação entre a responsabilidade civil subjetiva e a objetiva
Autor | Enoque Ribeiro dos Santos |
Ocupação do Autor | Professor Associado da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo. |
Páginas | 105-106 |
Page 105
Se por um lado acompanhamos, com o advento do Código Civil de 2002, uma espécie de completude em nosso ordenamento jurídico em relação à responsabilidade, não apenas subjetiva (art. 186), mas agora também objetiva (art. 927, parágrafo único), assistimos também a uma tendência que nos poderia levar a presumir uma certa incorporação ou absorção da responsabilidade civil subjetiva pela responsabilidade objetiva.
Tal sentimento é compartilhado por Anderson Schreiber quando assinala que "reforçaria essa impressão o uso algo exacerbado que certas cortes têm reservado ao conceito de culpa normativa, muitas vezes aferido sem qualquer atenção ao componente subjetivo da culpabilidade, de tal modo que a própria ilicitude se estaria restringindo ao seu elemento objetivo (antijuridicidade). Bem mais que uma absorção da responsabilidade subjetiva, o que revela a análise dos resultados dos diversos sistemas de responsabilização é uma gradativa perda de nitidez da distinção entre a responsabilidade objetiva e subjetiva".
Pode-se verificar, na prática jurisprudencial, que muitas vezes, na aferição do dano moral trabalhista, o julgador limita-se a fixar a antijuridicidade da conduta do lesante, isto é, concentra-se na análise da existência do ato ilícito ou abusivo, para impor a fixação da reparação por dano moral, afastando, ou até mesmo não levando em consideração os demais elementos caracterizadores desse instituto, quais sejam, o nexo causal e a lesão em si, ou o interesse violado.
Nas lides trabalhistas de acidentes de trabalho ou doenças profissionais, que antes eram julgadas com base na responsabilidade subjetiva, com fundamento na culpa da empresa, por negligência ou imprudência, inclusive por força da Súmula n. 229259 do Supremo Tribunal Federal, atualmente a maioria dos Tribunais do Trabalho passou a recorrer a um expediente fundamentalmente objetivista, toman-
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do, na maioria das vezes, por presunção, em sentido quase absoluto, de responsabilidade empresarial por dano moral decorrente do infortúnio provocado ao obreiro (problemas de óbito no trabalho, de surdez parcial ou total ou outras sequelas físicas decorrentes de situação no meio ambiente laboral etc.).
Exemplo semelhante temos no processo civil, citado por Anderson Schreiber: "(...) mesmo no Brasil, onde a matéria era tradicionalmente regida pela responsabilidade subjetiva, as cortes já recorriam a expedientes bastante objetivistas, como a presunção, tomada em sentido...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- O Dano Moral na Dispensa do Empregado
- O dano moral
- 1. Os princípios básicos que regem o dano moral
- 2. Posições doutrinárias acerca da reparabilidade dos danos morais
- 3. O ressarcimento do dano moral
- 4. O dano moral e as decisões dos tribunais
- 5. As indenizações por dano moral
- 6. O arbítrio do juiz na reparação do dano moral
- 7. O dano moral e a constituição federal de 1988
- 8. A reparação do dano moral com base na nova teoria da responsabilidade solidária
- 9. A aproximação entre a responsabilidade civil subjetiva e a objetiva
- 10. O significado atual da responsabilidade objetiva
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