O Estado
Autor | Deusmar José Rodrigues |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado (Procurador da Fazenda Nacional) e Contador |
Páginas | 33-36 |
Page 33
Os ensinamentos hauridos nas lições da disciplina Teoria Geral do Estado são unânimes em afirmar que o Estado moderno é reconhecido como aquele composto por três elementos, quais sejam, o físico20, o humano e o político, exemplificados nas figuras do território, do povo e do governo soberano. Apesar da veracidade dessa assertiva, a melhor doutrina sustenta que só a existência desses elementos não seria suficiente para configurar o Estado como pessoa jurídica de Direito Internacional. Assim, para que o Estado passe a integrar o rol das pessoas jurídicas com personalidade internacional, faz-se mister o reconhecimento inter-nacional, ou seja, os demais Estados soberanos deverão, em ato seu, reconhecer a personalidade internacional da novel pessoa política.
Podemos averbar que o Estado moderno alcança personalidade internacional quando reúne quatro elementos, a saber:
I) o físico;
II) o humano;
III) o político;
IV) o reconhecimento internacional21.
Page 34
A classificação jurídica dos Estados mais aceitável é a que atende aos propósitos desta exposição. O objetivo de qualquer classificação não ultrapassa o limite da utilidade. As classificações, antes de tudo, devem ser úteis.
Em tema de classificação dos tipos de Estados fica, outrossim, o alerta de que não poderá causar espécie se alguma forma de reunião de Estados não se subsumir às matrizes clássicas.
De maneira geral, ou o Estado é simples ou é composto.
O Estado simples será sempre unitário. É o Estado que se mostra interna e externamente de forma solteira. Não há divisão política interna. Existe uma única pessoa jurídica de Direito Público.
No Estado composto existe divisão interna. Noutras palavras, há diferentes pessoas jurídicas de Direito Público convivendo sob regras contratuais ou constitucionais. Se as regras que as regem tiverem origem Contratual, tratar-se-á de Estado composto por confederação; se tais regras decorrerem de Constituição comum, ter-se-á, então, uma federação.
Além da confederação e da federação, fala-se, ainda, em Estado composto por união real ou por união pessoal.
Em síntese, um Estado pode ser simples, sendo unitário, como ocorre com o Vaticano, ou composto. Por essa modalidade, a composição será por união real ou pessoal, ou por confederação ou...
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