O Processo Civil
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 53-63 |
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À primeira vista, o processo civil se distingue do processo penal, devido a um aspecto negativo: não há um delito. Sendo este a negação da civilidade, eu consideraria o processo penal, para fins didáticos, um processo incivil. O processo civil é assim denominado porque se realiza inter cives, ou seja, entre homens dotados de civilidade.
Essa é a aparência, mas é possível observar mais profundamente, o que pode modificar a primeira impressão. Acima de tudo, é preciso entender o conceito de civilidade. Civilitas é o modo de ser do civis ou também da civitas, isto é, do cidadão e da cidade. Também sob esse ponto de vista, a própria palavra é esclarecedora: civis provavelmen-
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te deriva de cum ire (‘ir ou andar conjuntamente’). A civilidade não é outra coisa senão “andar de acordo com”. Porém, uma vez que os homens necessitam do processo, isso quer dizer que falta acordo entre eles. Reaparece, então, aquela concepção de acordo a qual, como já dito, é fundamental ao direito.
O germe da discórdia é o conflito de interesses. Quem tem fome tem interesse em dispor do pão com que poderá saciar-se. Se forem dois os famintos e o pão não for suficiente para ambos, surgirá conflito entre eles. Caso os dois indivíduos forem incivis, o conflito se converterá em uma luta, em virtude da qual o mais forte se saciará, enquanto o outro continuará faminto. Em vez disso, se forem inteiramente civis ou civilizados, dividirão o pão, não segundo as próprias forças, mas conforme as necessidades. Contudo, poderá surgir um estado de ânimo segundo o qual não deverá surgir luta, embora esta possa surgir de forma repentina. Assim, um dos dois homens requereria todo o pão para si, e o outro se oporia a isso. Uma tal situação
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ainda não é a guerra entre esses indivíduos, mas a contém em estado potencial, pelo qual se compreende que alguém ou algo deva interferir para evitá-la. Esse algo é o processo, que é chamado de civil porque ainda não surgiu um delito que reclame pena. Além disso, a situação diante da qual intervém recebe o nome de lide ou litígio.
A lide é, portanto, um desacordo. O elemento central do desacordo é o conflito de interesses: quando é satisfeito o interesse de alguém, deixa-se de satisfazer o interesse de outra pessoa, e vice-versa. Sobre esse elemento substancial, acrescento um elemento formal, que consiste no comportamento correlativo dos dois interessados. Um dos indivíduos exige que o outro o tolere e respeite a satisfação do seu interesse, e a essa...
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