A Lei
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 71-77 |
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Vimos que a transformação da guerra em delito e a conversão da propriedade e do contrato em institutos de direito dependem, logicamente, de um comando, e que o mandato supõe um chefe que o pronuncia. Mas esse é um esquema bastante vago para quem quer compreender, ainda que em forma rudimentar e sumária, como nasce o direito. Vimos também que o mandato se forma com o preceito e com a sanção, mas resta saber quando e como se forma.
O comando deve operar no momento em que dois homens, em vez de entrar em acordo, de respeitar o domínio alheio, de observar o contrato, estão a ponto de entrar em guerra. Nessas circunstâncias, é necessário que percebam a prescrição de uma conduta e a ameaça de uma sanção. Mas é claro que,
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se a ordem deve operar nesse momento, deve estar formada antes desse momento. Do contrário, apareceria muito tarde. Teoricamente é possível, mas praticamente muito raro, que homens em tais condições se dirijam ao chefe para fazer que este lhes prescreva a conduta idônea, a fim de evitar a guerra.
Por outro lado, se o comando deve estar formado antes que surja o perigo da guerra, não pode ser uma ordem específica e concreta, ou seja, dirigido àquelas pessoas às quais se manifesta o perigo. Não pode estar formulada, pelo contrário, senão em forma hipotética ou geral: geral porque se dirige a todos os cidadãos, não a este ou àquele; hipotética porque lhes prescreve uma conduta e lhes ameaça com uma sanção para o caso de que se manifeste entre eles o perigo de uma guerra. Em uma palavra: o chefe não diz a Tício: “Você não deve matar ou roubar, mas, se o fizer, sofrerá uma certa pena, terá que restituir a coisa roubada e ressarcir o dano”. De fato, diz: “Se um cidadão qualquer mata alguém ou rouba algo, serão aplicadas tais e tais sanções”; ou, mais brevemente: “Quem
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mata alguém ou rouba algo sofrerá estas ou aquelas consequências”. A estes comandos hipotéticos e gerais dá-se o nome de leis.
Expliquemos rapidamente o motivo de aplicar esse nome e a natureza da relação entre as leis jurídicas e as leis físicas ou naturais. Ainda que esse seja um problema de reconhecido interesse, o caráter elementar da lição que estou ministrando não me permite expô-lo. Será suficiente indicar que o nome da lei tem sido adotado no campo do direito, e não no da natureza, razão pela qual os juristas forjaram intuitivamente um dos conceitos mais importantes da ciência lógica.
A primeira impressão é a de que a lei deve ser...
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